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Biology > Bio Unit 1.2 (Cells) > Flashcards

Bio Unit 1.2 (Cells) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the membranes surrounding cells made of and why can’t a light microscope distinguish them?

A

Phospholipids and proteins, the membranes are too thin to be distinguished by a light microscope

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2
Q

What is the advantage of eukaryotic cells having membrane bound organelles?

A

Harmful chemicals can be isolated and molecules with a particular function can be concentrates to one area

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall substance

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

(e.g bacteria cells), basic, smaller structure with no internal membranes and membrane bound organelles, DNA free in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

(plants, animals, fungi, protoctists), distinct nuclei, several membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Plant Cell Wall substance

A

cellulose

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6
Q

Respiration in Prokaryotic Cells

A

mesosomes, infoldings of plasma membrane where respiration occurs

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7
Q

Respiration in Eukaryotic Cells

A

mitochondria site of aerobic respiration

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8
Q

Ribosome size in prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

70S and 80S

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9
Q

DNA present in Prokaryotic

A

Plasmids are present (rings of DNA)

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10
Q

DNA present in Eukaryotic

A

Chromosome strands in nucleus (linear)

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11
Q

Why can’t viruses be seen by a light microscope?

A

Too small so they can pass through the filters that trap the bacteria

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12
Q

Viruses are acellular

A

no cells, no organelles, no cytoplasm

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13
Q

Three components of a virus

A

nucleic acid, DNA, protein coat (capsid)

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14
Q

Viruses that attack bacteria

A

bacteriophages (eg. T2 virus attacks E.Coli)

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15
Q

Size of nucleus

A

10-20 micrometres

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15
Q

Viruses considered living thing?

A

Viruses can be crystallised, but can reproduce with host (e.g flu in humans, avian flue in birds, TMV in plants)

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16
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains DNA which with protein comprises the chromosomes, chromosomes direct protein synthesis

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17
Q

Nucleus bounded by…

A

(2 membranes) nuclear envelope with pores to allow passage of larger molecules(mRNA and ribosomes)

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18
Q

The outer membrane of nucleus is continuous with…

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Granular material in nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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20
Q

What is nucleoplasm

A

contains chromatin (coils of DNA bound to protein) - during cell division chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

spherical bodies which are the sites of formation of rRNA (constituent of ribosomes)

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22
Q

Mitochondria Size

A

1- 10 micrometres

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23
Q

Mitochondria membrane

A

2 membranes separated by narrow, fluid filled inter membrane space

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24
Q

Organic Matrix of Mitochondria

A

Solution containing many compounds like lipids, proteins, etc.

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24
Q

Why is there a small circle of DNA in mitochondria?

A

So mitochondria can replicate and code for some of its proteins and RNA

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25
Q

Size of ribosomes in mitochondria and function?

A

70S which allow protein synthesis

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26
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

to produce ATP in aerobic respiration (reactions occur in matrix and aerobic respiration)

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26
Q

Function of Cristae

A

Provides large surface area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

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27
Q

More mitochondria will be in..

A

Metabolically active cells (muscle cells) as they need lots of ATP so more mitochondria

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28
Q

Mitochondria being cylindrical provides…

A

Large surface area (surface area to volume ratio is bigger than sphere)
Reduces diffusion distance between edge and centre (more efficient aerobic respiration.)

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29
Q

Where do you find chloroplasts?

A

In cells of photosynthesising tissue (in plants highest concentration is in palisade mesophyll cells)

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30
Q

Chloroplasts surrounded by

A

chloroplast envelope

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31
Q

Stroma contains…

A

fluid filled (contains products of photosynthesis such as liquid droplets, starch grains) and takes up large space

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32
Q

Ribosomes in chloroplasts are

A

70S

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33
Q

What is found in thylakoids?

A

chlorophyll

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33
Q

DNA in chloroplasts are

A

circular

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34
Q

Each granum has between:

A

2 and 100 parallel sacs

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34
Q

Within stroma

A

closed, flattened sacs called thylakoids (one stack of thylakoids is a geranium.)

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35
Q

Why are thylakoids useful?

A

Large surface area, efficient from trapping light energy

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35
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

Describes origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts: 1920’s - mitochondria were once independent bacteria, ancient bacteria engulfed others (maintaining symbiotic relationship) and some of this engulfed bacteria was good at turning glucose and oxygen into ATP (chloroplasts.) Evidence now that chloroplasts and mitochondria have their origins in prokaryotes

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36
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

System of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs with cisternae (interconnected fluid filled spaces)

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36
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes on outer surface, transports proteins made there, present in large amounts in cells (makes a lot of protein e.g cells making amylase in salivary glands)

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37
Q

Smooth ER

A

membranes lack ribosomes, synthesis and transport of lipids, cells that store carbs, proteins, lipids (e.g in liver, secretory cells) have extensive ER

38
Q

Where do ribosomes assemble?

A

Nucleolus from rRNA and protein

39
Q

2 subunits of ribosomes

A

rRNA and protein

40
Q

Where do ribosomes attach to?

A

RER membrane

41
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Protein synthesis, mRNA and tRNA used to assemble polypeptide chain

42
Q

Ribosomes in cytoplasm…

A

Synthesise proteins kept in the cell

43
Q

What are 2 centrioles at right angles called?

A

Centrosomes

43
Q

What is ‘read’ at ribosomes?

A

triplet codes of bases on mRNA

44
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

Animal cells and protoctistans (in cytoplasm next to nucleus)

44
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

9 microtubule triplets in a cylindrical arrangement (made from protein - tubulin)

44
Q

What happens to centrioles before cell division?

A

Replicate, move to opposite poles of the cell

45
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

synthesise microtubules of the spindle apparatus

46
Q

What does Golgi body do?

A

Packages and processes proteins (encloses them in membranes) to form vesicles/lysosomes

46
Q

What does Golgi body do to secretory enzymes?

A

Packages them to be exported out of cell as well as hormones like insulin.

47
Q

What does Golgi body do to lipids?

A

Transports and stores lipids from SER (makes glycolipids)

48
Q

Golgi body made from…

A

Flattened stacks of cisternae

49
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Contains many enzymes (mostly digestive) to prevent them from digesting cell contents.

49
Q

When is function of digestion in lysosomes utilised?

A

Digestion of bacteria previously engulfed by phagocytes, digestion of worn out cell organelles, lysosomes also break down dead cells (lysis)

50
Q

How does lysosomes digest material which has been taken into cell?

A

Lysosome fuses with vesicle made when phagocyte engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis and enzymes digest bacteria

51
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Spherical vesicles bounded by a single membrane, originated from the Golgi body containing enzymes

52
Q

Why is vacuole temporary in animals?

A

Waste products can accumalate

52
Q

Vacuoles in animals are…

A

temporary store for sugars, amino acids and minerals

53
Q

How does vacuole support cell?

A

Takes in water, making cell turgid as pushes against cell wall, prevents plant cells from wilting

54
Q

What are cellulose molecules held together in?

A

Microfibrils embedded in peptin

54
Q

Tonoplast

A

single membrane of vacuole

54
Q

Cell Wall Function 2

A

Mechanical Strength - structure of microfibrils/laminated arrangement makes cell wall very strong, vacuole full of solution pushes against cell wall (turgidity)

55
Q

Cell Wall Function 1

A

Transport - gaps in cellulose fibres make cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolves molecules and ions. Spaces called apoplasts. Apoplast pathway is main route of water across plant roots

56
Q

Cell Wall Function 3

A

Plasmodesmata passes through pits (strands of cytoplasm), Network of cytoplasm called symplast, Symplast pathway important in water transport

57
Q

Energy Store In Animals

A

Glycogen

58
Q

OAI) Nucleus contains chromosomes in which…

A

DNA encodes proteins

58
Q

Energy Store in Plants

A

Starch

59
Q

OAI) What happens to mRNA molecules from nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores in nuclear envelope allow mRNA molecules to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes in cytoplasm/rough ER

60
Q

OAI) What do ribosomes contain?

A

rRNA - transcribed from DNA at nucleolus

61
Q

OAI) What happens to rRNA at ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis - forming polypeptides

62
Q

OAI) Route of polypeptides from ribsosomes?

A

Moved through RER and packaged into vesicles

63
Q

OAI) From RER what happens to vesicles?

A

Vesicles bud off RER and carry polypeptides to Golgi body to be chemically modified and folded

64
Q

OAI) From the Golgi body what happens?

A

Newly synthesised proteins are packaged into vesicles

65
Q

OAI) 3 Vesicles from Golgi Body Examples

A

Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes used within cell, secretory vesicles carry proteins to cell membrane for exocytosis, phospholipids+triglycerides move through SER to various destinations

66
Q

OAI) Route Through Organelles

A

Nucleus, Ribosomes on RER, Through RER, Golgi body, Various destinations

67
Q

Where do single celled organisms carry out all life functions?

A

In one cell

68
Q

How do multicellular organisms carry out life functions?

A

Specialised cells forming tissues and organs

68
Q

Development of a cell into specific type is called….

A

differentiation

68
Q

As differentiation occurs what happens to the cell?

A

Structure becomes more specialised and chemical reactions performed are more specialised

69
Q

Tissue Basic Explanation

A

Cells near each other in the embryo differentiate in the same way and group together as a tissue

70
Q

All Epithelial Tissues have these three things.

A

Forms a continuous layer on the lining of internal/external surfaces of the body
No blood vessels but may have nerve endings
Cells (varied in shape and complexity) sit on basement membrane (collagen+protein)

71
Q

What functions do epithelial tissues usually have?

A

Secretory/protective

72
Q

Shape of cuboidal epithelium and where can you find it?

A

Cube shape cells on basement membrane - one cell thick (one layer)
Can be found in proximal convoluted tube of kidney nephron and in salivary gland ducts

73
Q

Shape of squamous epithelium and where can you find it?

A

Multiple layers, flattened cells on basement cells
Can be found in alveoli walls. Bowman’c capsule lining of nephron

73
Q

Shape of columnar epithelium and where can you find it?

A

Elongated cells, cilia, on basement membrane, nucleus toward the bottom
Can be found in fallopian tube and trachea

74
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissues

A

Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

75
Q

What do skeletal muscle tissue do?

A

Attached to bones and generates locomotion

76
Q

Why do skeletal muscles have powerful contraction?

A

Bands of fibres present

77
Q

What kind of muscle is it as they tire easily?

A

Voluntary Muscle (choose to contract)

78
Q

How does skeletal muscle tissue look under the microscope?

A

Striated/Striped

79
Q

How do smooth muscles contract?

A

Rhythmically but less powerful than skeletal

80
Q

Where can you find smooth muscles?

A

Skin, blood vessel walls, digestive/respiratory tracts

81
Q

Smooth muscles move by themselves making them?

A

Involuntary

82
Q

How do smooth muscles look under the microscope?

A

Unstriated (no stripes)

83
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

In the heart

84
Q

Function of cardiac muscle (shares skeletal and smooth properties)

A

rhythmically contracts without any nerve stimulation but nerves/hormones can modify contraction
Does not tire

85
Q

Role of Connective Tissue

A

Connects, supports or separates tissues/organs

86
Q

What fibres does connective tissue have?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular matrix

87
Q

What are between the fibres of the connective tissue?

A

Adipocytes and cells of immune system

88
Q

Organ definition

A

groups of tissue in a structural unit working together to perform a specific function

89
Q

Leaf Example of an Organ Description

A

Leaf contains epidermal tissue, vascular tissue, packing tissue between vascular bundles - specialised for photosynthesis

90
Q

Organ System Definition

A

Group of organs working together with a particular role

Biology (3 decks)

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