bio test #4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
A
DNA + RNA
2
Q
What is the structure of DNA?
A
Double-stranded helix
3
Q
What is the structure of RNA?
A
Single-stranded helix
4
Q
What nucleotide sugar does DNA use?
A
Deoxyribose
5
Q
What nucleotide sugar does RNA use?
A
Ribose
6
Q
What are the (4) nucleotide bases of DNA?
A
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
(A) (T) (G) (C)
7
Q
What are the (4) nucleotide bases of RNA?
A
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
(A) (G) (C) (U)
8
Q
Where is DNA located?
A
The Nucleus
9
Q
Where is RNA located?
A
The Nucleus, AND Cytosol
10
Q
What is the general function of DNA?
A
Make RNA
11
Q
What is the general function of RNA?
A
Make protein
12
Q
Fill in the following: Genes –> ___ –> ___.
A
genes –> proteins –> traits
13
Q
What are genes made of?
A
DNA
14
Q
DNA’s structure is a ___ of ___.
A
Polymer of Nucleotides
15
Q
DNA’s strands are ____.
(parallel, anti parallel)
A
Anti parallel
16
Q
Hydrogen bonds (between the DNA’s structure) can be in groups of ___.
A
2 or 3
17
Q
The hydrogen bonds (between the DNA’s structure) are created by ___.
A
Complimentary base pairings
18
Q
A nucleotide consists of what (3) things?
A
Sugar molecule, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
19
Q
Each strand has a ___ to help with the structural framework of DNA.
A
Sugar phosphate backbone
20
Q
Which of the nucleotide bases are Purines?
(A) (T) (G) (C) (U)
A
(A) (G)
21
Q
Which of the nucleotide bases are Pyrimidines?
(A) (T) (G) (C) (U)
A
(C) (U) (T)
22
Q
[Complimentary Base Pairing Rules]
Adenine (A), only pairs with ___ or ___.
A
Thymine (T) or Uracil (U)
23
Q
[Complimentary Base Pairing Rules]
Guanine (G), only pairs with ___.
A
Cytosine (C)
24
Q
When going from Chromatin –> Chromosome, it becomes ___.
A
Condensed
25
DNA molecules first wrap around the histone proteins forming beads on string structure called ___.
Nucleosomes
26
___ are proteins that bind to DNA and help give chromosomes their shape.
Histones
27
DNA replication consists of what (3) steps?
Initiation --> Elongation --> Termination
28
(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Initiation?
DNA helicase
29
(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Elongation?
DNA polymerase
30
(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Termination?
DNA ligase
31
(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Initiation?
It unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix.
32
(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Elongation?
It adds DNA nucleotides to the DNA template.
33
(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Termination?
It seals the gaps between DNA fragments.
34
Which two strands are complimentary?
Template + Leading strands
35
What describes the type of [DNA] replication that occurs?
Semi-conservative replication
36
DNA polymerase can only add DNA in the ___ to ___ direction.
5' to 3'
37
What is the central dogma?
Dna makes RNA which makes Proteins
38
The process through which DNA makes RNA is called ___.
Transcription
39
The process through which RNA makes Protein is called ___.
Translation
40
Transcription happens where?
In the Nucleus
41
Step 1 of RNA processing is to add a 5' ___ for protection.
Guanine (G) cap
42
Step 2 of RNA processing is to add a 3' ___ for protection.
Poly-adenine (AAAA..) tail
43
Step 3 of RNA processing is to remove ___ and stitch together ___.
REMOVE introns (non-coding sequences)
STITCH exons (coding sequences)
44
The 3rd step process of removing introns and stitching exons is called ___.
Splicing
45
After splicing, the strand is ___.
(shorter, longer)
Shorter
46
Groups of (3) are called ___, which says during translation that it's time to start making proteins.
Codons
47
The ___ codon is below the ___ codon.
Start codon is BELOW the Anti codon
48
___ is always bound to RNA's anti codon.
Met (Methionine)
49
The Start codon is always ___.
"AUG"
50
During the process of translation, it shifts to the ___.
(right, left)
Right -->
51
What are the (3) sites, in order, called in translation?
[E site] [P site] [A site]
52
During phase 2 of translation, the amino acid [MET] in the P site forms a bond with [___] in the A site.
GLU
53
During phase 3 of translation, [MET] and [GLU] are bound together in the P site, while [___] becomes the amino acid in the A site.
SER
54
What kind of bond is [MET] + [GLU] and [SER] held by?
A peptide bond
55
Which of the following is NOT true of DNA?
A. Found in the nucleus
B. Double-stranded
C. Uses ribose sugar
D. Uses thymine bases
C. Uses ribose sugar
It does NOT use ribose, it uses deoxyribose
56
Which of the following bases pairs with adenine?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. A and B
D. A and B
57
Which of the following bases pairs with adenine IN RNA?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. A and B
Uracil
58
Which of the following is a purine base?
A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Uracil
D. Thymine
Adenine
59
Nucleosomes are madee of ___.
A. A base, sugar, and phosphate
B. DNA and chromatin
C. DNA and histones
D. RNA and histones
C. DNA and histones
60
Describe the amount of adenine in a chromosome compared to thymine.
(more, less, same)
SAME
61
Describe the amount of adenine in a molecule of DNA compared to guanine.
(more, less, same, cant be determined)
CAN NOT BE DETERMINDED
62
Describe the amount of adenine in a molecule of RNA compared to Uracil.
(more, less, same, can't be determined)
CAN NOT BE DETERMINDED
63
Describe the number of purines in a chromosome of DNA compared to pyrimidines.
(more, less, same)
SAME
64
What is required during translation?
Ribosomes
65
Describe the level of condensation in chromatin compared to a chromosome.
(more, less, same)
LESS
66
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during DNA replication?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. DNA ligase
D. ATP synthase
DNA helicase
67
Which of the following describes DNA replication?
A. Conservative
B. Semiconservative
C. Nonconservative
D. All of the above
Semiconservative
68
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in the 3' to 5' direction.
(True or False)
FALSE
69
What enzyme is used to make RNA from DNA?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. ATP synthase
RNA POLYMERASE
70
What is produced during transcription?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipids
RNA
71
What is used as the template (i.e. what is being read) during translation?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipids
RNA
72
Where does translation occur within a eukaryotic cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytosol
D. Plasma membrane
Cytosol
73
Which of the following sequences is complementary to the DNA coding strand?
A. DNA template strand
B. mRNA transcript
C. codons
D. polypeptide sequence
DNA template strand
74
Describe the length of the primary RNA transcript compared to the mature RNA transcript.
(longer, shorter, same length)
longer
75
Which of the following is removed during RNA splicing?
A. Exons
B. Introns
C. Codons
D. Poly-A tail
Introns
76
In the absence of telomerase, describe the length of telomeres following DNA replication?
(longer, shorter, same length)
Shorter
77
The two strands of DNA are held together by ___ bonds.
Hydrogen bonds
78
Which base pairs with Cytosine?
(G) Guanine
79
Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
(T) Thymine
80
Which of the following is NOT a part of a RNA nucleotide?
A. A phosphate group
B. A nitrogenous base
C. A ribose sugar
D. A histone protein
A histone protein
81
Which of the following does NOT occur to the RNA transcript after transcription?
A. Addition of 5' guanine cap
B. Addition of 3' poly-a-tail
C. Splicing introns together
D. Transport out of the nucleus
Splicing introns together
82
If a population of consisting of 10 heterozygous individuals (Aa) and 10 homozygous recessive individuals (aa) reproduces, and no evolution occurs, then what will be q in the offspring generation?
75%
83
Which mechanism of evolution would result from a natural disaster?
Genetic drift
84
If p = 0.25, then what is q?
0.75
85
q + p = ?
1
86
What does the symbol q represent?
the frequency of recessive allele in a population
87
What does the symbol p represent?
the frequency of dominant allele in a population
88
(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is when one allele changes into another.
Mutation
89
(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is change due to random chance.
Genetic drift
90
(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is pressure that the environment puts on a population.
natural selection
91
(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is essentially migration
gene flow
92
What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?
Gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, non random mating
93
Evolution is a change in the frequency of a(n) ___ in a ___ over time.
of an ALLELE in a POPULATION over time
