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bio > bio test #4 > Flashcards

bio test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA + RNA

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double-stranded helix

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3
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single-stranded helix

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4
Q

What nucleotide sugar does DNA use?

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

What nucleotide sugar does RNA use?

A

Ribose

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6
Q

What are the (4) nucleotide bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
(A) (T) (G) (C)

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7
Q

What are the (4) nucleotide bases of RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
(A) (G) (C) (U)

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8
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

The Nucleus

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9
Q

Where is RNA located?

A

The Nucleus, AND Cytosol

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10
Q

What is the general function of DNA?

A

Make RNA

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11
Q

What is the general function of RNA?

A

Make protein

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12
Q

Fill in the following: Genes –> ___ –> ___.

A

genes –> proteins –> traits

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13
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA

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14
Q

DNA’s structure is a ___ of ___.

A

Polymer of Nucleotides

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15
Q

DNA’s strands are ____.
(parallel, anti parallel)

A

Anti parallel

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds (between the DNA’s structure) can be in groups of ___.

A

2 or 3

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17
Q

The hydrogen bonds (between the DNA’s structure) are created by ___.

A

Complimentary base pairings

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18
Q

A nucleotide consists of what (3) things?

A

Sugar molecule, phosphate, nitrogenous base.

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19
Q

Each strand has a ___ to help with the structural framework of DNA.

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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20
Q

Which of the nucleotide bases are Purines?
(A) (T) (G) (C) (U)

A

(A) (G)

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21
Q

Which of the nucleotide bases are Pyrimidines?
(A) (T) (G) (C) (U)

A

(C) (U) (T)

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22
Q

[Complimentary Base Pairing Rules]
Adenine (A), only pairs with ___ or ___.

A

Thymine (T) or Uracil (U)

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23
Q

[Complimentary Base Pairing Rules]
Guanine (G), only pairs with ___.

A

Cytosine (C)

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24
Q

When going from Chromatin –> Chromosome, it becomes ___.

A

Condensed

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25
Q

DNA molecules first wrap around the histone proteins forming beads on string structure called ___.

A

Nucleosomes

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26
Q

___ are proteins that bind to DNA and help give chromosomes their shape.

A

Histones

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27
Q

DNA replication consists of what (3) steps?

A

Initiation –> Elongation –> Termination

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28
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Initiation?

A

DNA helicase

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29
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Elongation?

A

DNA polymerase

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30
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary enzyme that plays a role in Termination?

A

DNA ligase

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31
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Initiation?

A

It unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix.

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32
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Elongation?

A

It adds DNA nucleotides to the DNA template.

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33
Q

(DNA replication)
What is the primary function of Termination?

A

It seals the gaps between DNA fragments.

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34
Q

Which two strands are complimentary?

A

Template + Leading strands

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35
Q

What describes the type of [DNA] replication that occurs?

A

Semi-conservative replication

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36
Q

DNA polymerase can only add DNA in the ___ to ___ direction.

A

5’ to 3’

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37
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Dna makes RNA which makes Proteins

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38
Q

The process through which DNA makes RNA is called ___.

A

Transcription

39
Q

The process through which RNA makes Protein is called ___.

A

Translation

40
Q

Transcription happens where?

A

In the Nucleus

41
Q

Step 1 of RNA processing is to add a 5’ ___ for protection.

A

Guanine (G) cap

42
Q

Step 2 of RNA processing is to add a 3’ ___ for protection.

A

Poly-adenine (AAAA..) tail

43
Q

Step 3 of RNA processing is to remove ___ and stitch together ___.

A

REMOVE introns (non-coding sequences)
STITCH exons (coding sequences)

44
Q

The 3rd step process of removing introns and stitching exons is called ___.

45
Q

After splicing, the strand is ___.
(shorter, longer)

46
Q

Groups of (3) are called ___, which says during translation that it’s time to start making proteins.

47
Q

The ___ codon is below the ___ codon.

A

Start codon is BELOW the Anti codon

48
Q

___ is always bound to RNA’s anti codon.

A

Met (Methionine)

49
Q

The Start codon is always ___.

50
Q

During the process of translation, it shifts to the ___.
(right, left)

A

Right –>

51
Q

What are the (3) sites, in order, called in translation?

A

[E site] [P site] [A site]

52
Q

During phase 2 of translation, the amino acid [MET] in the P site forms a bond with [___] in the A site.

53
Q

During phase 3 of translation, [MET] and [GLU] are bound together in the P site, while [___] becomes the amino acid in the A site.

54
Q

What kind of bond is [MET] + [GLU] and [SER] held by?

A

A peptide bond

55
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of DNA?
A. Found in the nucleus
B. Double-stranded
C. Uses ribose sugar
D. Uses thymine bases

A

C. Uses ribose sugar

It does NOT use ribose, it uses deoxyribose

56
Q

Which of the following bases pairs with adenine?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. A and B

A

D. A and B

57
Q

Which of the following bases pairs with adenine IN RNA?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. A and B

58
Q

Which of the following is a purine base?
A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Uracil
D. Thymine

59
Q

Nucleosomes are madee of ___.
A. A base, sugar, and phosphate
B. DNA and chromatin
C. DNA and histones
D. RNA and histones

A

C. DNA and histones

60
Q

Describe the amount of adenine in a chromosome compared to thymine.
(more, less, same)

61
Q

Describe the amount of adenine in a molecule of DNA compared to guanine.
(more, less, same, cant be determined)

A

CAN NOT BE DETERMINDED

62
Q

Describe the amount of adenine in a molecule of RNA compared to Uracil.
(more, less, same, can’t be determined)

A

CAN NOT BE DETERMINDED

63
Q

Describe the number of purines in a chromosome of DNA compared to pyrimidines.
(more, less, same)

64
Q

What is required during translation?

65
Q

Describe the level of condensation in chromatin compared to a chromosome.
(more, less, same)

66
Q

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during DNA replication?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. DNA ligase
D. ATP synthase

A

DNA helicase

67
Q

Which of the following describes DNA replication?
A. Conservative
B. Semiconservative
C. Nonconservative
D. All of the above

A

Semiconservative

68
Q

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
(True or False)

69
Q

What enzyme is used to make RNA from DNA?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. ATP synthase

A

RNA POLYMERASE

70
Q

What is produced during transcription?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipids

71
Q

What is used as the template (i.e. what is being read) during translation?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipids

72
Q

Where does translation occur within a eukaryotic cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytosol
D. Plasma membrane

73
Q

Which of the following sequences is complementary to the DNA coding strand?
A. DNA template strand
B. mRNA transcript
C. codons
D. polypeptide sequence

A

DNA template strand

74
Q

Describe the length of the primary RNA transcript compared to the mature RNA transcript.
(longer, shorter, same length)

75
Q

Which of the following is removed during RNA splicing?
A. Exons
B. Introns
C. Codons
D. Poly-A tail

76
Q

In the absence of telomerase, describe the length of telomeres following DNA replication?
(longer, shorter, same length)

77
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by ___ bonds.

A

Hydrogen bonds

78
Q

Which base pairs with Cytosine?

A

(G) Guanine

79
Q

Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

A

(T) Thymine

80
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of a RNA nucleotide?
A. A phosphate group
B. A nitrogenous base
C. A ribose sugar
D. A histone protein

A

A histone protein

81
Q

Which of the following does NOT occur to the RNA transcript after transcription?
A. Addition of 5’ guanine cap
B. Addition of 3’ poly-a-tail
C. Splicing introns together
D. Transport out of the nucleus

A

Splicing introns together

82
Q

If a population of consisting of 10 heterozygous individuals (Aa) and 10 homozygous recessive individuals (aa) reproduces, and no evolution occurs, then what will be q in the offspring generation?

83
Q

Which mechanism of evolution would result from a natural disaster?

A

Genetic drift

84
Q

If p = 0.25, then what is q?

85
Q

q + p = ?

86
Q

What does the symbol q represent?

A

the frequency of recessive allele in a population

87
Q

What does the symbol p represent?

A

the frequency of dominant allele in a population

88
Q

(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is when one allele changes into another.

89
Q

(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is change due to random chance.

A

Genetic drift

90
Q

(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is pressure that the environment puts on a population.

A

natural selection

91
Q

(mechanisms of evolution) ___ is essentially migration

92
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?

A

Gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, non random mating

93
Q

Evolution is a change in the frequency of a(n) ___ in a ___ over time.

A

of an ALLELE in a POPULATION over time

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