bio #2 test Flashcards
Which of the following mechanisms of membrane transport DOES NOT require the use of ATP (energy).
[Simple diffusion, Osmosis, Active transport]
Simple diffusion AND Osmosis
Which of the following mechanisms of membrane transport requires the use of a protein in the plasma membrane?
[Active transport, Facilitated transport, Simple diffusion]
Active transport AND facilitated transport
Which mechanism of membrane transport has a pump protein?
Active transport
which mechanism of membrane transport drives solute AGAINST the concentration gradient?
Active transport
(the pump protein does this)
Which mechanism of membrane transport has a channel protein?
Facilitated transport
Solutes that are permeable to cellular membranes are ____.
Hydrophobic
Water moves via osmosis, from an area with ____ concentration of solutes, to an area with a ____ one.
low —–> high
Describe the net diffusion of a permeable solute when the extracellular concentration is low and the intracellular concentration is high.
out of the cell
Describe 5 factors that can increase the rate of diffusion of a permeable substance across a membrane.
Increase concentration gradient (Add more solutes).
Increase temperature (Adds energy).
Decrease density of solvent (Turn it into a gas)
Decrease solute size (Easier to pass through PM).
Add a channel protein (Larger ones get across faster).
Permeable solutes are ____ and ____.
small and non-polar
Impermeable solutes are ___ and ____.
big and polar
What are the 3 types of passive transport?
Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis.
Does passive transport require atp??
NO
Which type of membrane transport requires ATP?
Active transport
The principle force driving movement in diffusion is ____.
Concentration gradient
Active transport must function continuously because….
Diffusion is constantly pumping the solutes in the other direction.
In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular fluid is ___ than the fluid inside the cell.
lower
In an isotonic solution, the extracellular fluid is ____ to the fluid inside the cell.
equal
In a hypertonic solution, the extracellular fluid is ___ than the fluid inside the cell.
higher
A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will ___.
crenate
___ describes the amount of solute in a solution.
Tonicity
___ is the measure of tonicity in a solution, or total amount dissolved.
Osmolarity
Which part of a plasma membrane creates the semipermeable barrier?
the phospholipid tails
What accurately describes the reaction?
(Catabolic + exergonic, or Anabolic + endergonic)
C6H12O6 ——> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy
Catabolic + exergonic
Plants do NOT perform cellular respiration (true or false)
false
Which of the following is NOT true about enzymes?
A. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze
B. They are usually made of amino acids
C. They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions
D. Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds
A. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze
describe the activation energy of a reaction with an enzyme compared to without an enzyme. (lower? higher? same?)
lower
The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of ___.
Pyruvate
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?
They go to another pathway for ATP production
Describe the amount of ATP produced (per glucose) by glycolysis compared to the electron transport chain.
less
If a cell had no mitochondria, how much ATP could it produce (per glucose)?
2
Which of the following is NOT an example of an energy transformation?
A. Heating up dinner in a microwave
B. Solar panels at work
C. Formation of static electricity
D. None of the above
D. none
larger molecules are broken down into small ones. energy is released.
catabolic
smaller molecules are built into larger ones. energy is required.
anabolic
Which of the following most accurately describes the reaction?
(Anabolic and endergonic or catabolic and exergonic.)
6CO2 + 6H20 + energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Anabolic and endergonic
In an ___ reaction, the products have more energy than the reactants.
Endergonic
In an ___ reaction, the reactants have more energy than the products.
Exergonic
___ catalyze chemical reactions/lower the activation energy.
Enzymes
The energy currency used by cells is ___.
ATP
a ___ is all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells.
metabolism
___ is the ability to do work.
energy
____ entropy = chaos.
___ entropy = order.
(entropy is energy)
HIGH = chaos
LOW = order
___ refers to the study of energy + energy transfer involving physical matter.
Thermodynamics
The ___ law of thermodynamics states that:
Energy in the universe is constant and conserved. It may be transferred but never destroyed.
First
The ___ law of thermodynamics states that:
energy is lost in every transfer in an unusable form. (heat energy)
second
What are the two types of energy?
Potential and kinetic
___ energy is associated with location of matter + structure.
Potential
___ energy is associated with objects in motion.
Kinetic
___ is the small amount of energy needed for all chemical reactions to occur.
AE (Activation energy)
The chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds.
Substrates
The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Active site
During ____ inhibition, an inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site.
competitive
During ____ inhibition, an inhibitor molecule binds to an enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an ___ site, while still preventing the substrate from binding to the original active site.
non-competitive
allosteric site
____ inhibition involves the use of a reaction product to communicate back and regulate its further production.
feedback
Cellular respiration is a sequence of which 3 reactions?
Glycolysis –> citric acid cycle (or krebs) –> electron transport chain
(Cellular respiration) Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism.
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
(Cellular respiration) Which of the reactions REQUIRE oxygen?
[Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle/KREBS, ETC]
Citric acid cycle AND Electron transport chain. They are AEROBIC
(Glycolysis is ANAROBIC, and does not need oxygen.)
(Cellular respiration) Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?
matrix of the mitochondria
(Cellular respiration) Where in the cell does the ETC take place?
inner mitochondrial membrane
(Cellular respiration) How many ATP per glucose does ETC produce?
34 ATP per glucose
(Cellular respiration) How many ATP per glucose does the citric acid cycle produce?
2 ATP per glucose
(Cellular respiration) How many ATP per glucose does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP per glucose
Cellular respiration is a(n) ____ and ____ process.
catabolic and exergonic
Which is NOT produced during cellular respiration?
(ATP, NADPH, NADH, FADH2)
NADPH
Which is NOT apart of the cellular respiration cycle?
(glycolysis, citric acid cycle, calvin cycle, electron transport chain)
Calvin cycle
(this is apart of photosynthesis)
From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy?
Eating other organisms
What two products result from photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
Photosythesis is an ____ and ____ process.
anabolic and endergonic
Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll A reflect?
green
describe the amount of green light reflected by chlorophyll b compared to chlorophyll a
[less, more, same]
less
What is the energy of a photon (what light is made of) first used to do in photosynthesis?
energize an electron
Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from?
splitting water molecules
Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?
A. The conversion of CO2 to an organic compound.
B. The formation of RuBP from G3P molecules
C. The production of carbohydrate molecules from G3P
D. The use of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2
A. The conversion of CO2 to an organic compound.
What is the molecule that leaves the calvin cycle to be converted into glucose?
G3P
What is the order the stages of the calvin cycle follow?
Fixation, reduction, regeneration
All energy leaves as ___ to outer space.
heat
___ are organisms that can produce their own food
(photosynthesis via sun energy)
Autotrophs
(plants, algae, bacteria, etc.)
___ eat other organisms
Heterotrophs
(Dogs, birds, fish, and humans etc.)
___ eat meat.
Carnivores
___ eat plants.
Herbivores
Things that don’t get eaten are decomposed by ___
decomposers
(like algae and fungi)
___ cells perform photosynthesis.
Mesophyll
Leaves have a protective outer layer of ___ cell that do not perform photosynthesis.
epidermal
___ proteins are the proteins that can absorb light + perform photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
What are the two types of Chlorophyll?
chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B
chlorophyll A absorbs what colors?
R O Y B V
chlorophyll A reflects and appears as what color?
green
chlorophyll B absorbs what colors?
Y G B
chlorophyll B reflects and appears as what colors?
red and orange
Photosynthesis involves which 2 processes?
Light Dependent Reactions (LDR) and The Calvin Cycle.
Where do LDR occur?
on the thylakoid membrain
Where in plant cells does the Calvin Cycle occur?
the stroma
Which of the two processes require light?
LDR does, duh.
(The Calvin Cycle does not)
What is produced by LDR?
ATP and a molecule of NADPH
LDR releases ___.
Oxygen (O2)
The Calvin Cycle uses ___.
(THIS IS WHAT INITIALLY GOES IN)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
What is the end result of the calvin cycle? What comes out?
Glucose.
(this is essentially food)
In which order do the processes of Photosynthesis to Cellular respiration occur?
(calvin cycle, LDR, glycolysis, ETC, citric acid cycle)
Sun –> LDR –> Calvin Cycle –> Glycolysis –> Citric Acid Cycle –> ETC
Light dependent reactions turn ___ energy into ___ energy.
sunlight energy into chemical energy
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by the enzyme ____.
Rubisco
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) Reduction uses what 2 types of energy?
ATP and NADPH
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) Regeneration uses what type of energy?
ATP
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the reactants of Carbon Fixation?
CO2 and RuBP
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the products of Carbon Fixation?
3-PGA (x2)
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the reactants of Reduction?
3-PGA (x2)
—> [Given from the carbon fixation step]
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the products of Reduction?
G3P (x2)
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the reactants of Regeneration?
G3P
—> [Given from the Reduction step, EXCEPT 1 G3P is used to make sugar]
(Calvin Cycle 3 steps) What are the products of Regeneration?
RuBP
[Recall that RuBP was a reactant during the carbon fixation step, it has now cycled back around]
