Bio Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
polyphyletic
A
evolved multiple times
2
Q
complex multicellularity
A
evolved at least 6 times, only eukaryotes (land plants and animals)
3
Q
multicellular organism: cells must
A
stick together
communicate with one another
have genetic program to guild growth and development
4
Q
extracellular layer
A
protective layer beyond the membrane
- fiber composite
- cross-linked network of filaments that resist tension
- surrounded by a stiff substance that protects against compression
5
Q
Extracellular matrix in animals
A
collagen (cable-like proteins)
- each collagen consists of three polypeptide chains that wind around one another
-surrounding substance is made of proteoglycans
6
Q
ECM
A
-secreted by cells
-made up of fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin and laminin) and polysaccharides
7
Q
integrin protein
A
connect inside of cell to outside
8
Q
integrins protein function
A
link cytoskeleton of the inside of the cell with the ECM with fibronectin (a glycoprotein)
9
Q
Elastin
A
allows the ECM to expand and contract
10
Q
Tight junctions
A
seals cells together
11
Q
Desmosomes
A
connects the cytoskeletons of cells
Cadherins
- interact with cytoskeletal fibers and cadherin proteins of adjacent cells
12
Q
Gap junctions
A
act as channels between cells by forming connexons
- allows movement of ions and small hydrophilic molecules
13
Q
Epithelial tissues
A
act as barriers between the external and internal environments
-apical membrane: atmosphere/environment
Basolateral membrane: internal
14
Q
Hemidesmosomes
A
anchor cells to the extracellular matrix
- interact with cytoskeletal fibers inside the cell and extracellular matrix outside the cell
15
Q
tissues
A
groups of cells of the same type that work together for a function
16
Q
Organs
A
structures made of two or more different tissues that function together
17
Q
Organ systems
A
two or more organs that work together to carry out a function
18
Q
Epithelial tissues
A
covers body surface and lines internal structures
19
Q
Connective tissue
A
consists of cells embedded within extracellular matrix
20
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
Conducts electrical signals, includes nerve cells and supporting cells
- short, branching dendrites, which receive electrical signals from other cells
- long axons, which send electrical signals from the cell body to other cells
21
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
Contracts to generate force
3 types:
Sketetal
cardiac
smooth
22
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
long cells, voluntary movement
23
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
Branched cells, involuntary movement
24
Q
smooth muscle
A
tapered cells, involuntary movement
25
larger cells have...
lower surface area/volume ratios than smaller cells
26
surface area and volume
volume increases more rapidly than surface area
27
Metabolic rate
decrease with size
28
higher surface area=
higher diffusion=more efficient metabolism
29
secondary cell wall
made when plants mature
- found between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall
- structure correlates with cell's function
30
middle lamella
connects adjacent plant cells
- composed of pectins
31
plasmodesmata
small gaps in the cell wall that allow small molecules and ions to pass through
32
symplast
Dissolved solutes move directly between cells through plasmodesmata
33
Apoplast
cell moves around from outside of cell
34
shoot system function
harvests light energy and CO2
35
Root system function
anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients
36
morphological diversity
root systems can very differently, minimizes competition for water and nutrients
37
phenotypic plasticity
changes within a species due to environmental conditions
38
root system parts
lateral roots (top roots), taproots (bottom deep roots)
39
shoot system parts
apical bud, internode, leaves, axillary buds (located at nodes, may grow into a branch)
40
Stolons
produce new plants at nodes above ground
41
Rhizomes
store carbohydrates and can grow into new plants
42
tubers
swollen rhizomes
43
simple leaf
blade and petiole
44
compound leaf
blade divided into leaflets
45
doubly compound leaf
larger multiple compounded leaves
46
Needlelike leaves
adaped due to very cold or hot climate
47
sun leaves
small surface area
48
meristematic cells
undifferentiated cells that continue dividing
49
primary meristems
partially differentiated, but retain the character of meristem cells because they keep dividing
50
non-meristematic/differentiated cells
cells that no longer divide and are found in the plant's permanent tissue
51
Dermal tissue
outer coving of the plant, provides protection, allows exchanges of gases, water, and ions with the environment
52
vascular tissue
xylem transports water and dissolved ions
phloem transports sugar and other organic molecules
53
ground tissue
found between vascular and dermal tissue
carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant
54
ground tissue
found between vascular and dermal tissue
carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant
-parenchyma: workhorse cells and tissue
-collenchyma: mostly shoot system support
- sclerenchyma: support
55
Xylem water conducting cells
Tracheids: pits through which water moves
Vessel elements: perforations for water transport
56
water-conducting cells at maturity
dead
57
water movement in plants
roots to shoots
58
relative to water, a solution has
negative solute potential
59
endodermis
cylindrical layer of cells that form a boundary between the cortex and the vascular tissue
60
Pericycle
lies inside endodermis, forms the outer layer of the vascular tissue
61
Transmembrane root
membrane transport between cells
62
Cohesion-tension theory
water moves due to a potential gradient
63
casparian strip
blocks the apoplectic route at the endodermis
64
phloem cells
sieve-tube elements, companion cells
65
phloem cells at maturity
alive
66
phloem function
moves water sugar and other solutes
67
phloem movement
source to sink
68
name when phloem moves water from source to sink
translocation
69
phloem loading requires
active transport
1. sugar enters companion cells by secondary active transport
2. then a symporter allows protons and sucrose to enter the cell together
3. once in companion cells, sucrose diffuses into sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata
70
phloem unloading requires
active or passive transport
- passive when going straight into sink
-secondary active transport across tonoplast requires a proton gradient
71
phloem unloading results in a
lower pressure in the sieve tube
72
active exclusion of toxic ions happens due to
metallothioneins and phytochelatins
73
Epiphytes
grow in absence of soil
74
haustoria
the part of a parasite that penetrates the host plant
75
multicellular heterotrophs
obtain both energy and matter through food
76
animal nutrition process
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
77
incomplete digestive system
gastrovascular cavity with one opening
78
complete digestive tract
gastrovascular cavity with two openings
79
digestive system parts
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, anus
80
digestive system accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
81
peristalsis
moves food through esophagus
82
the Luman (interior) of the stomach contains
HCl, and Pepsin
83
at completion digestion results of the small intestine are
monosaccharides, fatty acids and monoglycerides, and amino acids
84
Pancreatic amylase
breaks down carbohydrates
85
bile salts and pancreatic lipase
completes breakdown of lipids
86
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase
break down proteins
87
accessory organ steps
liver produces bile, bile is stored in gallbladder, pancreases produces digestive enzymes
88
pancreatic and liver digestion
1. trypsinogen is produced from pancreases when it enters the small intestine, enterokinase is activated which activates trypsin, which activates other inactive proteases from pancreases, which active forms of proteases in small intestine forming the digestion of proteins in the small intestine
89
small intestine parts
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
90
Duodenum
bile breaks down fats and pancreatic enzymes break down fats, sugars, and proteins
91
mouth dissolves
carbohydrates and lipids
92
stomach digests
proteins
93
DNA/RNA can be broken down by
nucleases
94
DNA/RNA can be broken into
nucleotides
95
nucleotides are broken down into
pentose sugars, base, and phosphates
96
Villi and microvilli
increase surface area of small intestine for absorption
97
large intestine (colon)
absorbs water, ions and vitamins and stores waste
98
larger area=
faster diffusion
99
shorter distance=
faster diffusion
100
Larger concentration gradient=
faster diffusion
101
the most abundant gas in air is
nitrogen
102
oxygen concentration in environment vs. Tissue
high in environment and low in tissue
103
CO2 in environment vs. Tissue
low in environment, high in tissue
104
presence of solutes, slow deep bodies of water, increase in temperature
are not oxygen rich waters
105
animal gas exchange steps
ventilation, diffusion, circulation, diffusion, cellular respiration
106
Respiratory system's role in gas exchange
responsive for gas exchange between animal and environment
107
Circulatory system's role in gas exchange
moves CO2 and O2 (along with waste, nutrients and other types of molecules) around the body with the help of the heart
108
Ventilation Vs simple diffusion
Ventilation depends on total gas pressure while facilitated diffusion depends on partial pressure
109
trachea
air is inhaled through nose/mount and enters a single tube
110
Bronchi
trachea branches into two tubes called the
111
Bronchioles
the smallest branches of the airway are called
112
Gas exchange between the lung tissue and the blood occurs by
simple diffusion
113
the alveoli have _________ surface area and ________ diffusion distance
large, short
114
the blood moves by
bulk flow, and heart
115
Transport fluid contains
hemolymph and blood
116
gases from blood to tissue is an example of
simple diffusion
117
Hemoglobin
O2 is poorly soluble, binds to red blood cells and increases carrying capacity by 100 X
118
medullary respiratory center
establishes rate of breathing at rest
119
controls ventilation during exercise
pH and Co2
120
cardiovascular/circulatory function
transport fluid and cells throughout the body
121
circulatory blood transports
nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones, components of the immune system
122
open circulatory systems
smaller animals, using hemolymph + interstitial fluid -> no regulation of O2 delivery
123
closed circulatory system
heart pumps blood separate from interstitial fluid -> regulation of O2 delivery
124
hemolymph
circulating fluid, direct contact with animal's tissues and organs within the animal's body cavity
125
Rudimentary heart
contraction of the heart helps to move hemolymph through the body
126
closed circulatory system components
muscular pump: heart
a set of interconnecting vessels
transport fluid: blood
127
pulmonary circulation
carries deoxidated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
128
Systemic circulation
carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
129
Capillaries
allow diffusion of nutrients, gases and wastes between blood and tissues
130
veins
carry low pressure blood towards the heart
131
arteries
carry high-pressure blood away form the heart
132
artery walls are made from
collagen and elastin
133
bulging of arteries is called
aneurysm
134
path of blood through the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left bentrical, aorta, body
135
what is in blood
plasma, Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
136
What is in plasma
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, vitamins
waste: nitrogen compounds, co2
bicarbonate ion
hormones
ions
proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
137
Interstitial fluid
gases move between blood plasma in the capillaries and tissues by diffusion
138
Interstitial fluid vs plasma
contains the same ions and small molecules but does not contain the cells and large proteins found in blood
139
cooperative binding
binding stimulates more binding: hemoglobin
