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Biology, Chemestry > bio exam 3 > Flashcards

bio exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body

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2
Q

set point

A

organisms are usually maintained within a tolerable range.

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3
Q

conformers

A

allow their internal condition to become similar to the external environment

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4
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A

stable internal environments maximize enzyme efficiency

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5
Q

what helps maintain homeostasis?

A

Epithelial tissue, homeostatic systems, hormones

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6
Q

homeostatic system components

A

sensor, integrator, effector

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7
Q

homeostasis systems are based on ____feedback and work in _______ pairs

A

negative, antagonistic

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8
Q

conduction

A

direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that re in contact with each other

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9
Q

convection

A

a special case of conduction: heat is exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid/gas

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10
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat between two objects that are not in direct contact

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11
Q

Evaporation

A

occurs when a liquid becomes a gas; leads only to heat loss

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12
Q

Endotherm

A

heat byproduct of chemical reactions warms the body

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13
Q

ectotherm

A

heat comes from the environment

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14
Q

Homeotherm

A

keep their body heat constant

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15
Q

poikilotherm

A

allows body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions

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16
Q

Torpor

A

temporary drop in body temperature

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17
Q

Hibernation

A

a larger drop in body temperature

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18
Q

Advantages of endothermy

A

enzymes are maintained at constant temperature at all times
can remain active in winter and at night
the high metabolic rate enables them to sustain high levels of aerobic activity, such as running or flying

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19
Q

Disadvantages of endothermy

A

Must consume large quantities of energy-rich food
energy used to produce heat is unavailable for growth, reproduction, and other processes

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20
Q

advantages of ectothermy

A

survive on much less food
greater proportion of their energy allocated to reproduce

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21
Q

Disadvantages of ectothermy

A

temperature-dependent chemical reactions slow down as body temperature drops
molecular activities are slower in cold environments, making these animals more vulnerable to predation
overall, less successful at inhaviting cold environments

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22
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

bundles of arteries form heat exchangers that minimize heat loss from the cold

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23
Q

osmoregulation

A

helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water and solute levels driven by total solute concentration

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24
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of all solutes within a solution

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25
Q

hyperosmotic

A

if solution A his a higher osmolarity than solution B, then solution A is hyperosmotic to solution B

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26
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

If solution A has a lower osmolarity than solution B, then solution A is hypoosmotic to solution B

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27
Q

isosmotic

A

solution A and solution B have the same osmolarity

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28
Q

Osmotic stress

A

concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal

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29
Q

osmoconformers

A

in osmotic equilibrium with their environment: have extracellular fluids that are isosmotic to seawater

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30
Q

Osmoregulators

A

actively maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity, different than the surrounding environment

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31
Q

Freshwater animals live in a ______ environment

A

hypoosmotic, water is hypoosmotic to fish’s tissues

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32
Q

Saltwater animals live in a ______ environment

A

hyperosmotic, water is hyperosmotic to fish’s tissues

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33
Q

advantages of freshwater fish

A

drink little to no water, excrete large amounts of dilute urine, actively take up ions through gills

34
Q

challenges of freshwater fish

A

tend to gain water by osmosis, tend to lose electrolytes by diffusion

35
Q

challenges of saltwater fish

A

tend to lose water by osmosis, tend to gain electrolytes by diffusion

36
Q

Adaptations for saltwater fish

A

drink large amounts of sea water, excrete concentrated urine, actively excrete ions through gills

37
Q

euryhaline species

A

travel from freshwater to saltwater

38
Q

aquatic animals excrete

A

ammonia by diffusion through their gills

39
Q

sharks, amphibians, and mammals excrete

A

urea (soluble in water, requires more energy to produce than ammonia)

40
Q

Birds, terrestrial reptiles and insects excrete

A

Uric acid (least toxic of 3, requires the most energy to make)

41
Q

function of urinary system

A

eleminate nitrogen-containing waste products, aintain the apporpriate water and electrolyte balance

42
Q

Anatomy of urinary system

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, Urethra

43
Q

The renal vein carries filtered blood ____ from the Kidneys

A

away

44
Q

The renal artery carries blood containing nitrogenous waste ___ the kidneys

A

to

45
Q

the outer layers of the kidney is called the

A

cortex

46
Q

the inner layer of the kidney is called the

A

medulla

47
Q

the glomerulus and convoluted tubules are located in the

A

cortex

48
Q

the loop of Henle and collecting ducts are located in the

A

medulla

49
Q

Renal corpuscle function

A

filtration

50
Q

Proximal tubule

A

reabsorb electrolytes (active transport), nutrients, water

51
Q

Descending limb

A

permeabe to water (passive

52
Q

thin ascending limb

A

permeable to Na and CL (passive

53
Q

thick ascending limb

A

active transport of Na and Cl out of filtrate

54
Q

Loop of Henle

A

maintain osmotic gradient of interstitial fluid from outer to innner medulla

55
Q

collecting duct

A

regulates water retention

56
Q

negative feedback loop

A

turns off

57
Q

positive feedback loop

A

turns on, variabes change even more

58
Q

endocrine signaling

A

great distance through blood stream

59
Q

paracrine signaling

A

short distance

60
Q

autocrine signaling

A

on same cell

61
Q

juxtracrine signaling

A

not secreted, direct contact

62
Q

ADH is produced in response to

A

high plasma osmolarity or decrease in blood volume

63
Q

ADH

A

makes cells more permeable to water

64
Q

Abiotic

A

environmental stimulus (light, gravity, cold, drought, wind, touch, nutrition)

65
Q

Biotic

A

stimulus caused by living things

66
Q

Gibberellins

A

promote plant growth

67
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

limits plant growth

68
Q

Dendrite

A

recieves info

69
Q

what ion is released in the depolarization phase?

A

NA

70
Q

what ion is released in the repolarization phase?

A

K

71
Q

graded potential is initiated at…

A

dendrites

72
Q

graded potential is stimulated by…

A

external stimulus (temperature, pressure, neurotransmitter from another neuron)

73
Q

graded potential travels through cell due to…

A

local current flow (diffusion of ions through cytoplasm)

74
Q

graded potential’s direction of membrane potential change….

A

depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

75
Q

graded potential’s strength of signal conveyed by…

A

magnitude of voltage change

76
Q

Action potential is initiated by….

A

axon hillock

77
Q

Action potential is stimulated by…

A

depolarized membrane potential above threshold

78
Q

Action potential travels through cell due to…

A

successive opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels along the axon

79
Q

Action potential’s direction of membrane potential change….

A

always depolarizing

80
Q

Action potential’s strength of signal conveyed by…

A

frequency with which new action potentials are generated

Biology, Chemestry (10 decks)

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