Bio quiz #1

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

A theory all living cells are made of one or more cell

cells are the smallest and simplest living units that can carry out all life processes

all cells come from the division of a previously existing cell

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane.

Eukaryotic cells have a structured nucleus, nuclear envelope, brain, organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, or endoplasmic reticulum, and functions to make the cell self-sufficient.

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

all the material between a cell membrane and the nucleus

Question 5

Cell membrane

Answer 5

A cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds every cell, separating the cell’s interior from its external environment and regulating what substances can enter and exit the cell

The unique feature of this system is the presence of various proteins on its surface, which serve various functions such as receptors, enzymes, surface antibodies, and transporters.

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

The nucleus, the largest organelle in a cell, directs all activity, growth, and reproduction, resembling a company manager. It contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls cell growth and reproduction.

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

makes ribosomes/ protein synthesizers

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

Also known as the powerhouse of the cell, it has functions like digestive systems, consuming nutrients, breaking them down, and producing energy through cellular respiration, a process similar to a digestive system.

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

The ER synthesizes and transports proteins and carbohydrates to the Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and lysosomes, with two types: rough and smooth.

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

Ribosomes are cell-specific protein builders or synthesizers, connecting amino acids at a time to form long chains. They can be found in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 11

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 11

Golgi bodies are responsible for collecting, packaging, and processing materials to be removed from cells, with many found in cells with high mucus content like the intestine or lungs.

Question 12

Vacuoles

Answer 12

Vacuoles, found in plant and animal cells, are large vesicles used for storing nutrients, maintaining fluid pressure, and storing waste products, with plant cells having larger vacuoles.

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Lysosomes function as garbage disposals, containing chemicals that digest waste and other harmful organisms. They work swiftly when a cell dies, preventing living organisms from becoming filled with dead cells.

Question 14

Cell Walls

Answer 14

*ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS

The plant cell wall, a rigid structure provides a defined shape to plant cells. Its strength surpasses that of most cells, making it the primary reason for the difference between plant and animal cell functions.

Question 15

Chloroplast

Answer 15

*IN PLANT CELLS ONLY

Chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, give plants their green color and enable them to absorb light energy through photosynthesis.

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
involved in cell division

Question 17

3 stages of the cell cycle

Answer 17

1) Interphase – cells grow and prepare to divide

2) Mitosis –division of the nucleus

3) Cytokinesis –division of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm, organelles, cell membrane)

Question 18

Interphase

Answer 18

• During Interphase:
  Growth - Duplication of chromosomes - Growth
  Cell takes in nutrients to build proteins
  Duplicates chromosomes within the nucleus to create sister chromatids (joined by the centromere)

Interphase involves growth, cellular respiration, nutrient intake for protein building, and DNA duplicates for cell division, with sister chromatids joined by centromere.

Question 19

Mitosis Stages

Answer 19

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (know in this order)

Question 20

Prophase

Answer 20

In the first phase of mitosis, DNA condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes shorten and thicken, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, and centrioles move to opposite cell poles.

Question 21

Metaphase

Answer 21

In the second phase of mitosis, chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, and spindle fibers form, attach to the centromere, and pull the chromosomes to the centre of the cell

Question 22

Anaphase

Answer 22

In the third phase of mitosis, the centromere splits, sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes, and spindle fibers pull these daughter chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.

Question 23

Telophase

Answer 23

In the final phase of mitosis, chromosomes reach opposite cell ends, new nuclear membrane re-forms around daughter chromosomes, nucleolus re-appears, and cleavage furrow forms.

Question 24

Cytokinesis

Answer 24

*Final stage of cell division
*Cytoplasm divides
*Two genetically identical daughter cells form

*Animal cell: cell membrane is pinched off in the middle at the cleavage furrow

*Plant cell: cell plate forms and develops into a new cell wall

Question 25

What is cancer?

Answer 25

Cancer is cell division out of control

“Cancer” refers to a whole group of diseases (including leukemia –
cancer of the blood)

Question 26

What is the difference between normal cells and cancer cells

Answer 26

-Normal Cells:
▪ Divide slowly
▪ Eventually die and are replaced

-Cancer Cells:
▪ Divide quickly
▪ Don’t die quickly
-Cancer cells build up (tumor)

Question 27

What is a Tumour?

Answer 27

A tumour is any build-up of cells that continue to divide without giving any benefit to the body

With cancer, the bad cells crowd out the good cells and sometimes destroy them

Question 28

Benign tumors

Answer 28

don’t harm the other cells

Question 29

malignant tumors

Answer 29

interfere with or destroy other cells

Question 30

Stages of a Tumour

Answer 30

Tumour starts on the surface of the organ

This cell has a mutation that makes it divide rapidly

The tumour steals nutrients in the blood from healthy cells

Cancer cells starts to invade other areas of the body (often lungs, bones, liver, brain)

The blood carries cancer cells to other areas of the body

Question 31

Red Blood Cells

Answer 31

made in bone marrow
small
no nucleus
carries oxygen to body cells
removes carbon dioxide
lives 4 months
hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells, contains lots on iron

Question 32

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Answer 32

larger than red blood cells
have a nucleus
protect or fight off disease/ infection
immune system
Leukemia cancer in white blood cells not all white blood cells are the same
lysosomes are prominent

Question 33

Skin cells

Answer 33

largest organ in body
protects from: sun, bacteria, water loss (sweating)

Question 34

Bone cells

Answer 34

lots of mitocondria
osteoblasts: build bone
osteoclasts: build/destroy old bone
osteocytes: produce osteoblasts
calcium will not stay in your bones prominently and will eventually diffuse into body cells

Question 35

Muscle cells

Answer 35

lots of mitochondria
produces movement
improves posture
To work:
contract, flex, extend
3 different kinds of muscle:
smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

Question 36

Sperm cells

Answer 36

made up of mostly mitocondria
have flaellum (tail)
helps with reproduction when the sperm cell fertilizes with the egg cell
Only lives 3 days

Question 37

Fat cells

Answer 37

predominante organelle is vacuoles
provide energy
store nutrients (water, etc.)
provide warmth

Question 37

Nerve Cells (neuron)

Answer 37

most produced before birth
in the brain and spinal cord
transmits signals to brain
axon: carries signal away from cell
dendritc: carries signal towards cell

Question 37

What are common cancers

Answer 37

lung, prostate, breast

Question 38

What causes cancer

Answer 38

1. genes (only for some cancers {breast, ovarian, and colorectal})
2. environment (carcinogens: factors that cause cancer eg. asbestos, certain chemicals, x-rays, uv rays)
3. choices (sometimes we expose ourselves to carcinogens eg. tanning beds, smoking)

Question 39

Lung Cancer (causes)

Answer 39

• 90% of lung cancer is associated with tobacco use
  1 pack per day= 30% more likely to get lung cancer

Question 40

Fighting Cancer (diet)

Answer 40

antioxidants: natural chemical compounds that bodys cells from damage
Found in tomato, berries, broccoli, garlic, green tea, leafy green vegetables

Question 41

Diagnosing cancer

Answer 41

Imaging (CT, MRI, X-ray)
examining cells (biopsy)- the most important, only defining way, a sample of skin
early diagnoses are crucial for success in cancer treatment

Question 42

Treatment of cancer

Answer 42

• Surgery (phsyical removal of tumor)
• chemotherapy (drug therapy to remove cells)
• Radiation (targeted radiation to kill cells)
• Bio-photonic, (tuning high-energy light for detection and treatment