Bell Ringer Flashcards
Any substance with a PH of 7 is
neutral
Any substance with a PH of more than 7 is
a base
Any substance with a PH of less than 7 is
acidic
One unit of change on the pH scale
represents
a 10 times change in how acidic or
basic a solution is.
A substance is a base if it contains as a
OH- anion
Blue litmis paper reacts to acidic
turns red
Blue litmus paper reacts with basic
and neutral solution.
stays blue
Red litmus paper reacts with a base
turns blue
Red litmus paper reacts with a acid of neutral
stays red
Bromothymol Blue reacts with an acid
turns yellow
Bromothymol Blue reacts with an neutral
turns green
Bromothymol Blue reacts with a base
turns blue
Phenolphthalein reacts with an acid or neutral
stays clear
Phenolphthalein reacts with a base
turns pink
Combustion reactions
a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas
1) Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
In general:
CxHy + O2 - CO2 + H2O
Products are ALWAYS carbon dioxide and water.
Neutralization
A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a
base react.
When an acid reacts with a base, the products are
water and a salt:
Acid + Base → a Salt + Water
Eg. H2SO4 (aq)+ KOH → K2SO4 + H2O
The salt is an ionic compound made up of positive and negative ions.
Bianary acids
To name a binary acid:
write the root of the non-metal name
add the prefix “hydro-“ to the root name
add the ending “-ic acid” to the root name
Oxyacids
To name an oxyacid:
write the name of the anion, without the “ ate” or “-ite” ending
exceptions: sulfur (use “sulfur-“); phosphorus (use “phosphor-“)
if the anion name ended in “-ate” replace it with “-ic” at the end of the name
if the anion name ended in “-ite”, replace it with “-ous” at the end of the name
add the “acid” to the end of the name. Don’t forget the (aq) symbol.
Balancing chemical equations
During a chemical reaction, the atoms in the reactant molecules are rearranged to form the products of the reaction
STEP 1: Write the word equation for the reaction.
STEP 2: Replace each chemical name with the correct chemical formula (i.e. into a skeletal equation).
Note: You must also include subscripts to indicate what state the element or compound is in (if known): (s) indicates a solid, (l) indicates a liquid, (g) indicates a gas, (aq) indicates an aqueous solution (meaning the substance is dissolved in water)
STEP 3: Count the number of atoms of each type on either side of the arrow (i.e. make a table?)
STEP 4: Multiply the formulas by an appropriate
coefficient until all the atoms are balanced.
PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotes – A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes – A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane.
Cytoplasm
all the material between the cell membrane and nucleus
Cell membrane
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Nucleus
The nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell.
* The nucleus directs all activity in the cell. It also controls the growth and reproduction of the cell.
* The nucleus could be compared to a manager of a company DNA is found in the nucleus (chromosomes)
Nucleolus
makes ribosomes/ protein synthesis
Mitochondria
- Known as the powerhouses of the cell.
- Acts like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell.
- The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER synthesizes and transports proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and the lysosomes.
* There are two types – rough and smooth ER
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell.
Golgi
The Golgi is principally responsible collecting, packaging, and processing materials to be removed from the cell.
Vacuoles
The vacuoles are found in plant & animal cells. However the vacuoles in plant cells are larger.The vacuole is a large vesicle which is used to store nutrients, maintain internal fluid pressure and store waste products.
Lysosomes
The Lysosomes act as Garbage disposals as they have chemicals in them that digest the wastes and other bad organelles. When the cell dies
the lysosomes work swiftly and digest the dead cell.
Cell wall
*only in plant cells
Cell Walls * The plant cell wall is remarkable. The
cell wall is rigid (up to many micrometers in thickness) and gives plant cells a very defined shape. While most cells have a outer membrane, none is comparable in strength to the plant cell wall.
chloroplasts
chloroplasts contains Chlorophyll & gives the plants the Green colour. More importantly it
allows the plant to absorb light energy»» i.e.
Photosynthesis
Centrioles:
only in animal cells
involved in cell division
Cell cycle: Interphase
First phase
During Interphase:
Growth
Duplication of chromosomes
Growth
* Cell takes in nutrients to build proteins
* *DNA duplicates in preparation for cell division (sister chromatids joined by centromere)
Mitosis: Prophase
First phase of mitosis
* DNA condense and become visible as chromosomes (shorten and thicken)
* Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears *Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Mitosis: Metaphase
- Second phase of mitosis
- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equatorial plate)
*Spindle fibres form, attach to centromere and pull chromosomes into the middle of the cell
Mitosis: Anaphase
- Third phase of mitosis
*Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes
*Spindle fibres pull daughter chromosomes to opposite poles (ends) of the cell
Mitosis: Telophase
- Final phase of mitosis
*Chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell - New nuclear membrane re-forms around each group of daughter chromosomes and the nucleolus also re-appears
*Cleavage furrow forms
Cytokinesis
*Final stage of cell division
*Cytoplasm divides
*Animal cell: cell membrane is pinched off in the middle at the cleavage furrow
*Plant cell: cell plate forms and develops into a new cell wall
*Two genetically identical daughter cells form
Telophase and into Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow (animal cell membrane pinches inward during cytokinesis)
New cell wall is formed in plant cells during cytokinesis
chromosomes vs. chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of condensed chromatin fibers.
Digestive system
1) Ingestion- food is taken into the body through the mouth
2) Digestion- food is broken down (physically and chemically)
3) Absorption- nutrients are moved into the blood
4) Elimination- solid waste passes from the digestive system out of the body
Digestion begins in your mouth through physical and chemical digestion.
Phsyical: begins in your mouth as your teeth tear and grind food into small pieces; tongue is also physical
Chemical: salivary glands
Esophagus: Food moves down by peristalsis
Stomach: Chemical & physical digestion -acids, enzymes & churning eg. Proteins
Small intestine: Chemical digestion (enzymes) Nutrients are absorbed into the blood
Large intestine: Water is absorbed out of the
waste
Anus: Waste leaves the body
Accessory organs:
Liver
- the liver produces bile, a substance that helps to break down fats
-nutrients arriving from the small intestine into the liver are made into products that can be more easily used by the body
- toxins are generally broken down into less toxic substances
- the liver is the body’s ‘detoxifier’.
Gallbladder
bile produced in the liver is transferred to the gallbladder where it is stored until needed for digestion of fats
Pancreas
-releases powerful digestive enzymes required for chemical digestion when food reaches the lower stomach
-also secretes another substance to help neutralize stomach acid
-The hormone insulin is made by the pancreas
-insulin helps to balance blood sugar levels in the body
Circulatory system
➢ The circulatory system carries blood and various substances to and from different places in the body.
The main function of the body is to transport substances, regulate body temperature and fluid balance, and transport disease-fighting white blood cells, all of which are essential for overall health.
the right side of the system deals with deoxygenated blood.
the left side of the system deals with oxygenated blood.
Pathway of blood:
1. Deoxgynated blood from the top and bottom of the body go through the inferior and superior vena cava
2. This blood pools together in the right atrium
3. Goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
4. goes through the pulmonary artery and gets oxygenated
5. goes through the pulmonary vein and pools in the left atrium
6. goes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
7. travels through the aorta into the rest of the body
blood vessels
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
Respiratory system
Is responsible for providing oxygen to the
cells of the body and for removing the
carbon dioxide that has been produced as
your body uses energy for growth, repair and
movement
- Starting with the nose- Passage way for air to enter and exit
- THROUGH THE…Pharynx (Throat)
- Through the Larynx (voice box)
- Down the trachea (windpipe)
- TO THE…Bronchi -The Bronchi deliver air to the lungs
- THROUGH THE …Lungs
- INTO THE…The Bronchioles
- FINALLY ARRIVING IN THE…Alveoli (& Capillaries)
Bronchiole branches end in alveoli, air sacs surrounded by capillaries, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out. The oxygen concentration in the lungs is always lower than in the alveoli.
-We move air into (inhalation) and out of
(exhalation) the lungs
-Muscles between the ribs help expand and
contract the rib cage
-The diaphragm (large sheet of muscle below
the lungs) also expands and contracts to
increase/decrease lung volume.
Tissues
Tissue: is a group of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks.
epithetical:
cells tightly packed to form a protective barrier
1 cell or several layers in thickness
lines body cavities and outer surface of body
protects structures
forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and sweat
Connective:
varies in structure depending on the type of connective tissue
supports and protects structures
forms blood
stores fat
fills empty space
Muscle tissue:
long, rigid stands
stretches
3 main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
allows for movement
nervous tissue:
made of nerve cells
network of fibres with a control centre “neurons”
responds to stimuli
transmits and stores information
How epithical tissue affects organ systems
Epithelial tissue in the digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by forming a barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering the body while also absorbing nutrients.
Epithelial tissue in the respiratory system supports the lungs by regulating water and ion transport, protecting against pathogens, and moving substances out of the body.
Epithelial tissue supports the circulatory system by regulating the exchange of chemicals and substances, secreting hormones, and lining blood vessels.
Blood and its componats
What’s in Blood?
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
digested food
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
hormones
digested food
Blood is made up of four main things plasma , the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry oxygen; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and platelets to help blood clot.
Specialized cells
Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that play a crucial role in blood clotting, without a nucleus.
Goblet cells are secretory cells found in the respiratory and intestinal tract, responsible for producing mucus through secretion vesicles into a duct for release.
Parietal cells, located in the stomach’s lining and gastric glands, release HCl- for chemical digestion.
The Chief Cell, also known as the peptic cell, is located in the stomach lining and releases pepsinogen and chymosin into the stomach.
Converging lens rays
- Incident light rays parallel to the PA
refract through the principal focus (F) - Incident light rays going through F’
refract parallel to the PA. - Light rays that go in through O
continue straight through; do not refract
Converging lens Beyond 2F’
smaller, inverted, Between 2F and F, real
Converging lens- at 2F’
same, inverted, at 2F, real
Converging lens- Between 2F’ and F
larger, inverted, beyond 2F, real
Converging lens- at F’
no clear image formed
Converging lens- Inside F’
larger, upside, behind lens on same side as object, virtual
Diverging Lenses rays
- Light rays that go in parallel to the PA
refract as though they came from F. - Light rays that go in parallel to the PA
refract as though they came from F. - Light rays that go in through O
don’t refract
Diverging rays SALT
smaller, object, on same side as image, virtual
Thin lens equation rules
Converging lens
Object distance: always positive
Image distance: positive for real images, negative for virtual
focal length: always positive
Doverging lens:
Object distance: always positive
Image distance: negative ( virtual images)
focal length: always negative
