Bell Ringer

Question 1

Any substance with a PH of 7 is

Answer 1

neutral

Question 2

Any substance with a PH of more than 7 is

Answer 2

a base

Question 3

Any substance with a PH of less than 7 is

Answer 3

acidic

Question 4

One unit of change on the pH scale
represents

Answer 4

a 10 times change in how acidic or
basic a solution is.

Question 5

A substance is a base if it contains as a

Answer 5

OH- anion

Question 6

Blue litmis paper reacts to acidic

Answer 6

turns red

Question 7

Blue litmus paper reacts with basic
and neutral solution.

Answer 7

stays blue

Question 8

Red litmus paper reacts with a base

Answer 8

turns blue

Question 9

Red litmus paper reacts with a acid of neutral

Answer 9

stays red

Question 10

Bromothymol Blue reacts with an acid

Answer 10

turns yellow

Question 11

Bromothymol Blue reacts with an neutral

Answer 11

turns green

Question 12

Bromothymol Blue reacts with a base

Answer 12

turns blue

Question 13

Phenolphthalein reacts with an acid or neutral

Answer 13

stays clear

Question 14

Phenolphthalein reacts with a base

Answer 14

turns pink

Question 15

Combustion reactions

Answer 15

a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas
1) Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)

In general:
CxHy + O2 - CO2 + H2O

Products are ALWAYS carbon dioxide and water.

Question 16

Neutralization

Answer 16

A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a
base react.
When an acid reacts with a base, the products are
water and a salt:

Acid + Base → a Salt + Water
Eg. H2SO4 (aq)+ KOH → K2SO4 + H2O

The salt is an ionic compound made up of positive and negative ions.

Question 17

Bianary acids

Answer 17

To name a binary acid:
write the root of the non-metal name
add the prefix “hydro-“ to the root name
add the ending “-ic acid” to the root name

Question 18

Oxyacids

Answer 18

To name an oxyacid:
write the name of the anion, without the “ ate” or “-ite” ending
exceptions: sulfur (use “sulfur-“); phosphorus (use “phosphor-“)
if the anion name ended in “-ate” replace it with “-ic” at the end of the name
if the anion name ended in “-ite”, replace it with “-ous” at the end of the name
add the “acid” to the end of the name. Don’t forget the (aq) symbol.

Question 19

Balancing chemical equations

Answer 19

During a chemical reaction, the atoms in the reactant molecules are rearranged to form the products of the reaction

STEP 1: Write the word equation for the reaction.

STEP 2: Replace each chemical name with the correct chemical formula (i.e. into a skeletal equation).

Note: You must also include subscripts to indicate what state the element or compound is in (if known): (s) indicates a solid, (l) indicates a liquid, (g) indicates a gas, (aq) indicates an aqueous solution (meaning the substance is dissolved in water)

STEP 3: Count the number of atoms of each type on either side of the arrow (i.e. make a table?)

STEP 4: Multiply the formulas by an appropriate
coefficient until all the atoms are balanced.

Question 20

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES

Answer 20

Prokaryotes – A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes – A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane.

Question 21

Cytoplasm

Answer 21

all the material between the cell membrane and nucleus

Question 22

Cell membrane

Answer 22

The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Question 23

Nucleus

Answer 23

The nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell.
* The nucleus directs all activity in the cell. It also controls the growth and reproduction of the cell.
* The nucleus could be compared to a manager of a company DNA is found in the nucleus (chromosomes)

Question 24

Nucleolus

Answer 24

makes ribosomes/ protein synthesis

Question 25

Mitochondria

Answer 25

* Known as the powerhouses of the cell. * Acts like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. * The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration

Question 26

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 26

The ER synthesizes and transports proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and the lysosomes. * There are two types – rough and smooth ER

Question 27

Ribosomes

Answer 27

Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell.

Question 28

Golgi

Answer 28

The Golgi is principally responsible collecting, packaging, and processing materials to be removed from the cell.

Question 29

Vacuoles

Answer 29

The vacuoles are found in plant & animal cells. However the vacuoles in plant cells are larger.The vacuole is a large vesicle which is used to store nutrients, maintain internal fluid pressure and store waste products.

Question 30

Lysosomes

Answer 30

The Lysosomes act as Garbage disposals as they have chemicals in them that digest the wastes and other bad organelles. When the cell dies the lysosomes work swiftly and digest the dead cell.

Question 31

Cell wall

Answer 31

*only in plant cells Cell Walls * The plant cell wall is remarkable. The cell wall is rigid (up to many micrometers in thickness) and gives plant cells a very defined shape. While most cells have a outer membrane, none is comparable in strength to the plant cell wall.

Question 32

chloroplasts

Answer 32

chloroplasts contains Chlorophyll & gives the plants the Green colour. More importantly it allows the plant to absorb light energy>>>> i.e. Photosynthesis

Question 33

Centrioles:

Answer 33

only in animal cells involved in cell division

Question 34

Cell cycle: Interphase

Answer 34

First phase During Interphase: Growth Duplication of chromosomes Growth * Cell takes in nutrients to build proteins * *DNA duplicates in preparation for cell division (sister chromatids joined by centromere)

Question 35

Mitosis: Prophase

Answer 35

First phase of mitosis * DNA condense and become visible as chromosomes (shorten and thicken) * Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears *Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell

Question 36

Mitosis: Metaphase

Answer 36

* Second phase of mitosis * Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equatorial plate) *Spindle fibres form, attach to centromere and pull chromosomes into the middle of the cell

Question 37

Mitosis: Anaphase

Answer 37

* Third phase of mitosis *Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes *Spindle fibres pull daughter chromosomes to opposite poles (ends) of the cell

Question 38

Mitosis: Telophase

Answer 38

* Final phase of mitosis *Chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell * New nuclear membrane re-forms around each group of daughter chromosomes and the nucleolus also re-appears *Cleavage furrow forms

Question 39

Cytokinesis

Answer 39

*Final stage of cell division *Cytoplasm divides *Animal cell: cell membrane is pinched off in the middle at the cleavage furrow *Plant cell: cell plate forms and develops into a new cell wall *Two genetically identical daughter cells form

Question 40

Telophase and into Cytokinesis

Answer 40

Cleavage furrow (animal cell membrane pinches inward during cytokinesis) New cell wall is formed in plant cells during cytokinesis

Question 41

chromosomes vs. chromatin

Answer 41

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of condensed chromatin fibers.

Question 42

Digestive system

Answer 42

1) Ingestion- food is taken into the body through the mouth 2) Digestion- food is broken down (physically and chemically) 3) Absorption- nutrients are moved into the blood 4) Elimination- solid waste passes from the digestive system out of the body Digestion begins in your mouth through physical and chemical digestion. Phsyical: begins in your mouth as your teeth tear and grind food into small pieces; tongue is also physical Chemical: salivary glands Esophagus: Food moves down by peristalsis Stomach: Chemical & physical digestion -acids, enzymes & churning eg. Proteins Small intestine: Chemical digestion (enzymes) Nutrients are absorbed into the blood Large intestine: Water is absorbed out of the waste Anus: Waste leaves the body Accessory organs: Liver - the liver produces bile, a substance that helps to break down fats -nutrients arriving from the small intestine into the liver are made into products that can be more easily used by the body - toxins are generally broken down into less toxic substances - the liver is the body's 'detoxifier'. Gallbladder bile produced in the liver is transferred to the gallbladder where it is stored until needed for digestion of fats Pancreas -releases powerful digestive enzymes required for chemical digestion when food reaches the lower stomach -also secretes another substance to help neutralize stomach acid -The hormone insulin is made by the pancreas -insulin helps to balance blood sugar levels in the body

Question 43

Circulatory system

Answer 43

➢ The circulatory system carries blood and various substances to and from different places in the body. The main function of the body is to transport substances, regulate body temperature and fluid balance, and transport disease-fighting white blood cells, all of which are essential for overall health. the right side of the system deals with deoxygenated blood. the left side of the system deals with oxygenated blood. Pathway of blood: 1. Deoxgynated blood from the top and bottom of the body go through the inferior and superior vena cava 2. This blood pools together in the right atrium 3. Goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle 4. goes through the pulmonary artery and gets oxygenated 5. goes through the pulmonary vein and pools in the left atrium 6. goes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle 7. travels through the aorta into the rest of the body

Question 44

blood vessels

Answer 44

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

Question 45

Respiratory system

Answer 45

Is responsible for providing oxygen to the cells of the body and for removing the carbon dioxide that has been produced as your body uses energy for growth, repair and movement 1. Starting with the nose- Passage way for air to enter and exit 2. THROUGH THE...Pharynx (Throat) 3. Through the Larynx (voice box) 4. Down the trachea (windpipe) 5. TO THE...Bronchi -The Bronchi deliver air to the lungs 6. THROUGH THE ...Lungs 7. INTO THE...The Bronchioles 8. FINALLY ARRIVING IN THE...Alveoli (& Capillaries) Bronchiole branches end in alveoli, air sacs surrounded by capillaries, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out. The oxygen concentration in the lungs is always lower than in the alveoli. -We move air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs -Muscles between the ribs help expand and contract the rib cage -The diaphragm (large sheet of muscle below the lungs) also expands and contracts to increase/decrease lung volume.

Question 46

Tissues

Answer 46

Tissue: is a group of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks. epithetical: cells tightly packed to form a protective barrier 1 cell or several layers in thickness lines body cavities and outer surface of body protects structures forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and sweat Connective: varies in structure depending on the type of connective tissue supports and protects structures forms blood stores fat fills empty space Muscle tissue: long, rigid stands stretches 3 main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac allows for movement nervous tissue: made of nerve cells network of fibres with a control centre "neurons" responds to stimuli transmits and stores information

Question 47

How epithical tissue affects organ systems

Answer 47

Epithelial tissue in the digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by forming a barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering the body while also absorbing nutrients. Epithelial tissue in the respiratory system supports the lungs by regulating water and ion transport, protecting against pathogens, and moving substances out of the body. Epithelial tissue supports the circulatory system by regulating the exchange of chemicals and substances, secreting hormones, and lining blood vessels.

Question 48

Blood and its componats

Answer 48

What’s in Blood? red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma carbon dioxide digested food waste (urea) hormones oxygen hormones digested food Blood is made up of four main things plasma , the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry oxygen; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and platelets to help blood clot.

Question 49

Specialized cells

Answer 49

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that play a crucial role in blood clotting, without a nucleus. Goblet cells are secretory cells found in the respiratory and intestinal tract, responsible for producing mucus through secretion vesicles into a duct for release. Parietal cells, located in the stomach's lining and gastric glands, release HCl- for chemical digestion. The Chief Cell, also known as the peptic cell, is located in the stomach lining and releases pepsinogen and chymosin into the stomach.

Question 50

Converging lens rays

Answer 50

1. Incident light rays parallel to the PA refract through the principal focus (F) 2. Incident light rays going through F’ refract parallel to the PA. 3. Light rays that go in through O continue straight through; do not refract

Question 51

Converging lens Beyond 2F’

Answer 51

smaller, inverted, Between 2F and F, real

Question 52

Converging lens- at 2F'

Answer 52

same, inverted, at 2F, real

Question 53

Converging lens- Between 2F’ and F

Answer 53

larger, inverted, beyond 2F, real

Question 54

Converging lens- at F'

Answer 54

no clear image formed

Question 55

Converging lens- Inside F’

Answer 55

larger, upside, behind lens on same side as object, virtual

Question 56

Diverging Lenses rays

Answer 56

1. Light rays that go in parallel to the PA refract as though they came from F. 2. Light rays that go in parallel to the PA refract as though they came from F. 3. Light rays that go in through O don’t refract

Question 57

Diverging rays SALT

Answer 57

smaller, object, on same side as image, virtual

Question 58

Thin lens equation rules

Answer 58

Converging lens Object distance: always positive Image distance: positive for real images, negative for virtual focal length: always positive Doverging lens: Object distance: always positive Image distance: negative ( virtual images) focal length: always negative