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BIO PLants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes.
  3. All cells come from other cells.
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2
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

All are unicellular (an organism is made up of only one cell)
Includes bacteria and some other single-celled organisms
Small and structurally simple:
Lack a nucleus
Lack membranous organelles

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3
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Includes plants, animals, fungi and protists
Contain:
Membrane-bound nucleus
Numerous membrane-bound organelles:
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Vacuoles

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

Boundary of the cell
Unique to
Made of proteins and lipids (fats)
Selectively permeable (or semi-permeable)

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5
Q

What is a Cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments provide framework to the cell
Provides cell movement
Provides movement to organelles

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6
Q

What is the Nucleus:

A

Control centre of the cell
Contains genes, chromosomes (DNA*)
Directs cell division & the formation of cell structures
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What is the Nuclear Membrane:

A

Outer layer of the nucleus
Protects DNA, keeping it separate from everything else

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8
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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9
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Mostly water
Contains most of the organelles

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10
Q

Mitochondria:

A

Power plants of the cell
Convert stored energy to useable energy (glucose) through cellular respiration
Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria (e.g. muscle cells)

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11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

A

3D network of tubes
Connects nuclear membrane to cell membrane
Transport materials through the cell

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12
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell
Make and secrete mucus

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13
Q

Vacuole

A

Membranous fluid-filled sac
Many types of vacuoles for containing, removing, and storing substances

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis in the cell

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15
Q

What Structures are Unique to Plant Cells

A

Rigid Cell walls, Large Vacuole, Chloroplasts

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16
Q

What do plants need to grow?

A

Water, soil, space to grow, Sunlight and air

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17
Q

What do roots do?

A

Roots anchor plants in soil, absorb minerals and water, and store food

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18
Q

What are Fibrous roots?

A

Mat of thin roots that spread out
Monocots
Example would be a typical flower

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19
Q

What are Tap roots?

A

1 large vertical root
Also produces many small lateral, or branch roots
Dicot

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20
Q

What do root hairs do

A

Increase absorptive surface area

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21
Q

What comes after the root

A

The Stem

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22
Q

After the stem in the plant diagram the Terminal or apical buds are located (top and end of the stem). What are they?

A

the type of bud located at the top (apex) of the plant, particularly at the very tip of the main stem

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23
Q

What are Axillary buds?

A

have the ability to produce new shoots to promote the growth of the plant

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24
Q

What is the epidermis

A

a protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant

25
Q

What is Xylem

A

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.

26
Q

What is Phloem

A

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

27
Q

What is the function of leaves?

A

Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Gas exchange

28
Q

What are leaves made of

A

Mesophyll tissue
Veins (vascular bundles)

29
Q

Roots depend on _______ produced by photosynthetic leaves

A

Sugars

30
Q

Shoots depend on _________and _________ absorbed from the soil by the roots

A

Water and minerals

31
Q

Name the three plant tissues:

A

Dermal, ground, and vascular

32
Q

Dermal tissue:

A

The dermal tissue is like the skin of the plant. An example of this would be the epidermis. A single layer of tightly packed cells that cover & protect the plant

33
Q

Ground tissue:

A

The bulk of the plant tissue
Photosynthetic mesophyll, storage. Does almost all plant life functions.

34
Q

Vascular tissue:

A

Transports shoots and roots. (Xylem and Phloem)

35
Q

What are the Plant CELL types in plant tissues?

A

Parenchyma, scherlecyma, and collenchyma

36
Q

What is Parenchyma?

A

“Typical” plant cells = least specialized
Photosynthetic cells, storage cells
Tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots

37
Q

What is scherlecyma?

A

Very thick, “woody” secondary walls
Support
Rigid cells that can’t elongate
Dead at functional maturity

38
Q

What is collenchyma?

A

Unevenly thickened primary walls
Support growing tissue

39
Q

Phloem is what type of cell?

A

Food conducting

40
Q

What is a monocot?

A

Monocots is a plant that carries specific traits. These include
1. One cotyledon
2. Pedals come in 3
3. Vascular bundles are fibrous
4. The pedals have parallel lines.
5. Fibourous root systeme

41
Q

What is a Dicot?

A

Dicot is a plant that carries specific traits. These include.
1. 2 cotyledon
2. Pedals come in 4 to 5
3. Has a tap root
4. The pedals have ring shapes

42
Q

NOTE**

A

Study plant slide show with diagrams

43
Q

What are the two main categories of plant tissue?

A

Permanent tissue and Meristematic tissue

44
Q

NOTEEEEE

A

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/19KoTyTLmoBJ9uvxIgX6M8_zC8ecq68lxyBrqjNEkofo/edit#slide=id.p

45
Q

APICAL MERISTEM

A

Primary growth (ie. lengthening)
Occurs at the tips of shoots and roots
Produces new leaves and flowers

46
Q

INTERCALARY MERISTEM

A

Increases the length between the nodes (ie. the distance between leaves of branches

47
Q

LATERAL MERISTEM

A

Causes secondary growth (ie. widening)
Occurs at the cambium
Produces bark on trees

48
Q

What is Stomata?

A

Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange

49
Q

Tropism?

A

The way plants grow in response to stimulus

50
Q

Phototropism?

A

The way a plant grows in response to light.

51
Q

Geotropism?

A

The way a plant grows in response to gravity

52
Q

What happens in the shoots that cause Phototropism?

A

High concentration of Auxins

53
Q

What are Auxins?

A

a plant hormone that causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth.

54
Q

What happens in the roots that prevent phototropism?

A

High conic of Auxin

55
Q

Why do plants need glucose?

A

for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch

56
Q

gymnosperms vs angiosperm

A

Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves.

57
Q

What is Turgor pressure?

A

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

58
Q
A

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