Bio Internal systems Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The shape and arrangement of the parts that make up an organism. Many organisms share relatively similar anatomy however there are some exceptions like bats.
What is Physiology?
How the parts of the bodywork.
What does Blood do?
Transports Oxygene, Maintains Ph balance, keeps osmotic pressure, and controls temperature.
What is in Blood
Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells
What does plasma contain?
Liquid, water, proteins, salts and lipids
What do red blood cells do?
Transports gasses and contains hemoglobin which creates the red pigment.
What do white blood cells do?
Fight infection within your body
What do platelets do?
Help your blood clot to stop cuts.
Arteries do What?
They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. (A for away)
Viens do what?
Veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
Capillaries
Small blood vessels. This is where oxygen is delivered to the to tissues and organs and CO2 is picked up to go back to the lungs.
Coronary Arteries
Deliver nutrients and oxygen to the heart.
Coronary veins
Remove oxygenated blood from the heart
Explain the Circulatory system
The Circulatory System transports substances around the body, including food molecules and oxygen. Includes the heart and arteries.
Explain the Digestive system
The Digestive System breaks down food particles into smaller molecules for use around the body, and excretes anything that cannot be used. Includes stomach, large and small intestines.
Explain the Respiratory system
The Respiratory System exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Includes the lungs.
What are Non-Vital organs? Give an example
Somethings that we have but is not necessary for survival. Example Body hair.
Vegsitigal Organs? give an example
Humans have evolved past needing these therefor they serve no purpose in our bodies. Example Appendix.
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain internal stability by regulating various physiological processes. It ensures that key variables like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels stay within a narrow range conducive to cellular function.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Supplies oxygen to cells
- Removes carbon dioxide
- Defense against microorganisms
- Produces sound for speaking
- Controls body fluid pH
In humans and other mammals where does gas exchange happen?
The Lungs and the body cells
Respiration at the cellular level involves the oxidation of glucose.
Where does it happen?
The Mitochondria
Explain Respiration at the multi-cellular level?
It involves taking oxygen from the environment and returning carbon dioxide to it (breathing)
it is necessary to bring enough nutrients and oxygen to all cells in a multicellular organism (where diffusion just isn’t enough)
The human respiratory system has four important structural features that enable it to function properly:
What are they?
A thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur
A large surface area for gas exchange
A good supply of blood
A breathing system for bringing oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane
Explain the naval cavity and pharynx.
The nasal cavity is the space inside the nose, where air is filtered, moistened, and warmed before reaching the lungs. The pharynx is a muscular tube behind the nasal cavity that serves as a passage for both air and food, connecting the nose and mouth to the trachea and esophagus.
Explain the trachea.
The warmed air passes by the epiglottis and down the trachea which is lined with cartilage to prevent the trachea from collapsing or being damaged
The opening (slit) to the trachea is called the glottisThe walls of the trachea are lined with mucus-producing cells and cilia, which protect the lungs from foreign matter.
The trachea branches into two bronchi.
Each bronchus connects to a lung.
Where does the air go after the bronchi? And What happens?
It connects to the lungs. Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles to form a respiratory tree.
What happens after the lungs? Explain.
The airways end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli. Each cluster of alveoli is surrounded by a network of capillaries.
Gas Exchange in the Alveoli
The air in the alveoli is warmed, moist, and critical for gas dissolution and diffusion. The thin, moist respiratory membrane enables easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, supported by a network of capillaries ensuring efficient exchange with the bloodstream.
How is oxygen transported through the body?
Oxygen moves into the bloodstream via diffusion and partial pressures.
A small portion (up to 2%) of the oxygen is dissolved in the liquid component of the blood, the plasma.
The majority of O2 is carried on the red blood cells.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which can bind with four O2 molecules.
Explain Carbon dioxide transport and diffusion
A small portion of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma (7%) A larger proportion (23%) binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells that have previously released O2 to the body tissues.
The remaining portion (70%) is stored inside red blood cells as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
(This is converted back into CO2 when it reaches the alveoli. It’s a more complex system. We won’t go into detail about this now.)
What allows the lungs to contract and expand
The lungs are each encased in a double-membraned sac, the pleura which allows the lungs to expand and contract freely
What is Inspiration?
External intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm Contracts
Volume Increases
Pressure Decreases
Air into lungs
What is Expiration
External intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Volume Decreases
Pressure Increases
Air leaves the Lungs
What is External respiration?
Occurs between alveoli and the capillaries next to them.
As blood moves away from the body tissues, it is oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich.
As it moves through the lung capillaries, oxygen from the air in the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
What is Internal respiration?
Occurs between the capillaries and the body tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the oxygen-poor tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.
The largest breath you can take is called?
Vital Capacity
Vital capacity includes what?
Tidal capacity
The effect of altitude on respiration
Higher altitudes mean lower air pressure and reduced oxygen availability, prompting an increased respiratory rate to compensate for lower oxygen levels and facilitate better oxygen uptake. This adaptation helps individuals cope with the challenges of reduced atmospheric pressure at elevated elevations.
