Bio Internal systems

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

The shape and arrangement of the parts that make up an organism. Many organisms share relatively similar anatomy however there are some exceptions like bats.

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

How the parts of the bodywork.

Question 3

What does Blood do?

Answer 3

Transports Oxygene, Maintains Ph balance, keeps osmotic pressure, and controls temperature.

Question 4

What is in Blood

Answer 4

Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

Question 5

What does plasma contain?

Answer 5

Liquid, water, proteins, salts and lipids

Question 6

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 6

Transports gasses and contains hemoglobin which creates the red pigment.

Question 7

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 7

Fight infection within your body

Question 8

What do platelets do?

Answer 8

Help your blood clot to stop cuts.

Question 9

Arteries do What?

Answer 9

They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. (A for away)

Question 10

Viens do what?

Answer 10

Veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

Question 11

Capillaries

Answer 11

Small blood vessels. This is where oxygen is delivered to the to tissues and organs and CO2 is picked up to go back to the lungs.

Question 12

Coronary Arteries

Answer 12

Deliver nutrients and oxygen to the heart.

Question 13

Coronary veins

Answer 13

Remove oxygenated blood from the heart

Question 14

Explain the Circulatory system

Answer 14

The Circulatory System transports substances around the body, including food molecules and oxygen. Includes the heart and arteries.

Question 15

Explain the Digestive system

Answer 15

The Digestive System breaks down food particles into smaller molecules for use around the body, and excretes anything that cannot be used. Includes stomach, large and small intestines.

Question 16

Explain the Respiratory system

Answer 16

The Respiratory System exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Includes the lungs.

Question 17

What are Non-Vital organs? Give an example

Answer 17

Somethings that we have but is not necessary for survival. Example Body hair.

Question 18

Vegsitigal Organs? give an example

Answer 18

Humans have evolved past needing these therefor they serve no purpose in our bodies. Example Appendix.

Question 19

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 19

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain internal stability by regulating various physiological processes. It ensures that key variables like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels stay within a narrow range conducive to cellular function.

Question 20

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 20

1. Supplies oxygen to cells
2. Removes carbon dioxide
3. Defense against microorganisms
4. Produces sound for speaking
5. Controls body fluid pH

Question 21

In humans and other mammals where does gas exchange happen?

Answer 21

The Lungs and the body cells

Question 22

Respiration at the cellular level involves the oxidation of glucose.
Where does it happen?

Answer 22

The Mitochondria

Question 23

Explain Respiration at the multi-cellular level?

Answer 23

It involves taking oxygen from the environment and returning carbon dioxide to it (breathing)
it is necessary to bring enough nutrients and oxygen to all cells in a multicellular organism (where diffusion just isn’t enough)

Question 24

The human respiratory system has four important structural features that enable it to function properly:
What are they?

Answer 24

A thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur
A large surface area for gas exchange
A good supply of blood
A breathing system for bringing oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane

Question 25

Explain the naval cavity and pharynx.

Answer 25

The nasal cavity is the space inside the nose, where air is filtered, moistened, and warmed before reaching the lungs. The pharynx is a muscular tube behind the nasal cavity that serves as a passage for both air and food, connecting the nose and mouth to the trachea and esophagus.

Question 26

Explain the trachea.

Answer 26

The warmed air passes by the epiglottis and down the trachea which is lined with cartilage to prevent the trachea from collapsing or being damaged
The opening (slit) to the trachea is called the glottisThe walls of the trachea are lined with mucus-producing cells and cilia, which protect the lungs from foreign matter.
The trachea branches into two bronchi.
Each bronchus connects to a lung.

Question 27

Where does the air go after the bronchi? And What happens?

Answer 27

It connects to the lungs. Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles to form a respiratory tree.

Question 28

What happens after the lungs? Explain.

Answer 28

The airways end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli. Each cluster of alveoli is surrounded by a network of capillaries.

Question 30

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli

Answer 30

The air in the alveoli is warmed, moist, and critical for gas dissolution and diffusion. The thin, moist respiratory membrane enables easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, supported by a network of capillaries ensuring efficient exchange with the bloodstream.

Question 31

How is oxygen transported through the body?

Answer 31

Oxygen moves into the bloodstream via diffusion and partial pressures.
A small portion (up to 2%) of the oxygen is dissolved in the liquid component of the blood, the plasma.
The majority of O2 is carried on the red blood cells.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which can bind with four O2 molecules.

Question 32

Explain Carbon dioxide transport and diffusion

Answer 32

A small portion of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma (7%) A larger proportion (23%) binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells that have previously released O2 to the body tissues.
The remaining portion (70%) is stored inside red blood cells as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
(This is converted back into CO2 when it reaches the alveoli. It’s a more complex system. We won’t go into detail about this now.)

Question 33

What allows the lungs to contract and expand

Answer 33

The lungs are each encased in a double-membraned sac, the pleura which allows the lungs to expand and contract freely

Question 34

What is Inspiration?

Answer 34

External intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm Contracts
Volume Increases
Pressure Decreases
Air into lungs

Question 35

What is Expiration

Answer 35

External intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Volume Decreases
Pressure Increases
Air leaves the Lungs

Question 36

What is External respiration?

Answer 36

Occurs between alveoli and the capillaries next to them.
As blood moves away from the body tissues, it is oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich.
As it moves through the lung capillaries, oxygen from the air in the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

Question 37

What is Internal respiration?

Answer 37

Occurs between the capillaries and the body tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the oxygen-poor tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.

Question 38

The largest breath you can take is called?

Answer 38

Vital Capacity

Question 39

Vital capacity includes what?

Answer 39

Tidal capacity

Question 40

The effect of altitude on respiration

Answer 40

Higher altitudes mean lower air pressure and reduced oxygen availability, prompting an increased respiratory rate to compensate for lower oxygen levels and facilitate better oxygen uptake. This adaptation helps individuals cope with the challenges of reduced atmospheric pressure at elevated elevations.