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Biology 2 > Bio Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______– all neurons have the ability to respond to environmental changes

A

Excitability

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2
Q

________– Neurons produce traveling electrical signals that quickly reach other cells at distant locations

A

Conductivity

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3
Q

________– when the electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the neuron usually secretes a chemical called a neurotransmitter that stimulates the next cell

A

Secretion

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4
Q

__________ neurons – neurons specialized to detect stimuli such as light, temperature, or pressure and to transmit information about them towards the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent)

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5
Q

________ (association neurons) – neurons located entirely within the brain or spinal cord

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

These neurons carry out the integrative function of the nervous system – they process, store and retrieve information, and “make decisions” about how the body responds to stimuli

_________

A

Interneurons

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7
Q

________ (efferent) neurons – neurons that send signals to muscle or gland cells, sending signals away from the central nervous system

A

Motor

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8
Q

_____ (cell body) – control center of the neuron

Has a nucleus and cytoplasm containing organelles like other cells

A

Soma

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9
Q

________- processes of a neuron that receives information from other cells or from environmental stimuli

It conducts signals toward the soma

________ are usually shorter, more branched, and more numerous than the axon

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

_____ – process of a neuron that conducts action potentials away from the soma

Each neuron has only one ____

A

Axon

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11
Q

The _____ end of an axon usually has termina arborization

Terminal arborization is an extensive complex of fine branches

A

distal

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12
Q

Each branch ends in a _______ _____ (terminal button)

Swollen tip of the distal end of an axon; the site of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release

A

synaptic knob

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13
Q

_______ neurons – Have one axon and two or more dendrites

This type is common in the brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

______ neurons – have one axon and one dendrite

Includes olfactory cells and sensory cells of the inner ear

A

Bipolar

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15
Q

______ neurons – have only one process leading away from the soma

Also called pseudounipolar neurons

Includes neurons that carry signals to the spinal cord

A

Unipolar

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16
Q

_______ neurons – have multiple dendrites but no axon

This type is found in the brain and retina

A

Anaxonic

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17
Q

__________ – Forms a myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

_________ – form the blood-brain barrier that controls which substances are able to get from the bloodstream into the brain tissue

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

________ Cells – produce cerebrospinal fluid and help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal

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20
Q

_______– develop from white blood cells and phagocytize dead nervous tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign matter

A

Microglia

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21
Q

________ Cells – envelop peripheral nervous system fibers with myelin and assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers

A

Schwann

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22
Q

Insulating layer around a nerve fiber

Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

_________

A

Myelin

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23
Q

Axons are covered in segments

Gaps between segments are called nodes of Ranvier

Myelin-covered areas between nodes of Ranvier are called internodes

A

Axons are covered in segments

Gaps between segments are called nodes of Ranvier

Myelin-covered areas between nodes of Ranvier are called internodes

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24
Q

In an unmyelinated nerve fiber, the signal spreads by diffusion of sodium and potassium ions through the plasma membrane at every point along the fiber

The ion movement creates a sudden voltage change called an action potential at each point

A

Each action potential triggers another one just ahead of it

The nerve signal consists of a wave of action potentials traveling down the axon

This signal travels at about .5 to 2 m/sec

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25
Q

In a myelinated nerve fiber, the ion movements through the membrane occur only at the ____ __ _______ (gaps between segments of myelin)

A

nodes of Ranvier

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26
Q

In the _______ (myelin covered portions), signals travel by a much faster process of ion diffusion along the length of the nerve fiber immediately under the plasma membrane

the signal can travel as fast as 120 m/sec

A

internodes

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27
Q

________– the meetings between neurons and any other cells

A

Synapses

28
Q

________ _______ – junctions in which the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter to stimulate the postsynaptic cell

A

Chemical synapses

29
Q

At a chemical synapse, a terminal branch of a presynaptic fiber ends in a swelling called the synaptic knob

A

Between the synaptic knob and the next cell there is a 20-40 nm gap called the synaptic cleft

A nerve signal arrives at the end of the presynaptic neuron and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell

30
Q

______ ________ – junctions in which adjacent cells are joined by gap junctions

Ions diffuse directly from one cell to the next for quick transmission

A

Electrical synapses

31
Q

________– the spinal cord contains fibers that conduct information up and down the body

It enables sensory information to reach the brain

It enables motor commands to reach the receptors

Input received at one level of the spinal cord can affect output at another level

A

Conduction

32
Q

_________– the simple repetitive muscle contractions that put one foot in front of another are controlled by central pattern generators in the spinal cord

The spinal cord does not control the speed or direction of locomotion (those are under control of the motor neurons in the brain)

A

Locomotion

33
Q

________– the spinal cord is responsible for involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli

A

Reflexes

34
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves over five regions

8 Cervical (C1-C8)

12 Thoracic (T1-T12)

5 Lumbar (L1-L5)

5 Sacral (S1-S5)

1 Coccygeal

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves over five regions

8 Cervical (C1-C8)

12 Thoracic (T1-T12)

5 Lumbar (L1-L5)

5 Sacral (S1-S5)

1 Coccygeal

35
Q

The diameter of the spinal cord is relatively constant except for the cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

A

The diameter of the spinal cord is relatively constant except for the cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

36
Q

________ ___________
Location in which the cord tapers to a point below the lumbar enlargement

A

Conus medullaris

37
Q

______ _______
Bundle of nerves resembling a horse’s tail that innervates the pelvic organs and lower limbs

A

Cauda equina

38
Q

___ _______ – outermost meninx that forms a dural sheath around the spinal cord

A

Dura mater

39
Q

______ space is found between the sheath and the vertebral bone

  • It is a space filled with blood vessels, loose connective tissue, and adipose tissue
  • It is a site where anesthetics are sometime introduced to block pain signals
A

Epidural

40
Q

______- middle meninx that adheres to the inside of the dura mater composed of a loose mesh of collagenous and elastic fibers

A

Arachnoid

41
Q

___________ space is the gap between the arachnoid and the pia mater

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid

42
Q

________ _______ is a (subarachnoid) space occupied by the cauda equina below the medullary cone

A

Lumbar cistern

43
Q

___ ______ – innermost layer of the meninges that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord

A

Pia mater

44
Q

____ matter – has a dull color because it contains very little myelin

Contains the somas, dendrites, and proximal parts of the axons of neurons

A

Gray

45
Q

______ matter – has a pearly white color because it contain myelin

Composed of axons that carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

A

White

46
Q

Spinal Tracts: (2)

A

Ascending tracts
Descending tracts

47
Q

_____– cordlike organ composed of axons bound together by connective tissue

A

Nerve

48
Q

_____ nerve – consists of both sensory and motor fibers and transmits signals in two directions (but any one fiber transmits in only one direction)

A

Mixed

49
Q

______ nerve – consists of sensory axons, including those of the olfactory and optic nerves

A

Sensory

50
Q

_____ nerve – consists of motor fibers only

Many motor nerves are actually mixed nerves because they also carry sensory signals from muscles back to the CNS

A

motor

51
Q

_______– a cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS (resembling a knot).

A

Ganglion

52
Q

Proximal Branches (2)

A

Dorsal root- afferent signals

Ventral root- efferent signals

53
Q

_____ _____ – innervates the muscles and joints in that region to the spine and the skin of the back

A

Dorsal ramus

54
Q

______ ____ – innervates the ventral and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk and gives rise to the nerves of the limbs

In the thoracic region, it forms the intercostals nerve

A

Ventral ramus

55
Q

Except in the thoracic region, the ventral rami form web-like nerve plexuses which carry signals from bones, joints, muscles, and the skin

A

Except in the thoracic region, the ventral rami form web-like nerve plexuses which carry signals from bones, joints, muscles, and the skin

56
Q

o ______ Plexus (C1-C5) –

Great Auricular nerve (sensory nerve of skin of and around the ear)

Transverse Cervical nerve (sensory nerve of skin of ventral and lateral neck)

Ansa Cervicalis (motor nerve of omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid)

Phrenic nerve (motor nerve of the diaphragm)

A

Cervical

57
Q

_______ Plexus (C5-T1)

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

A

Brachial

58
Q

________ Plexus (L1-L4)

Ilioinguinal nerve

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

A

Lumbar

59
Q

______Plexus (L4-S4)

Superior gluteal nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

Sciatic nerve

Tibial nerve

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

A

Sacral

60
Q

Each spinal nerve receives sensory input from a specific area of skin called a dermatome

A

Dermatomes overlap at their edges by as much as 50%, so severing one sensory nerve root does not entirely deaden sensation from a dermatome

61
Q

Reflexes

Require stimulation – they are responses to sensory input

They are quick – they involve few if any interneurons and minimal synaptic delay

Involuntary – they occur without intent, often without our awareness, and they are difficult to suppress

Stereotyped – they occur in essentially the same way every time, in a predictable manner

A

Reflexes

Require stimulation – they are responses to sensory input

They are quick – they involve few if any interneurons and minimal synaptic delay

Involuntary – they occur without intent, often without our awareness, and they are difficult to suppress

Stereotyped – they occur in essentially the same way every time, in a predictable manner

62
Q

_______ reflexes use simple neural pathways called reflex arcs that send signals from the sensory nerve ending to the spinal cord or brainstem and back to a skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

63
Q

_______ reflex arc – simplest type of reflex arc, consisting only of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron (with just one synapse between neurons)

A

Monosynaptic

64
Q

________reflex arc – reflex arc containing one or more association neurons

A

Polysynaptic

65
Q

_________ reflex – CNS input and output are on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

66
Q

________ reflex – sensory input enters the spinal cord on one side of the body and the motor output leaves from the opposite side

A

Contralateral

67
Q

__________reflex – Sensory signal enters the spinal cord at one level, and the motor output leaves the cord from a higher or lower level.

A

Intersegmental

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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