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Biology 2 > Bio Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ – largest and most superior part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

_______ – second largest part of the brain, inferior to the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

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3
Q

_________– all of the brain except the cerebrum and cerebellum

Major components include the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon

A

Brainstem

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4
Q

_______ matter lacks myelin and forms a surface layer called a cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Grey

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5
Q

_______ matter forms deeper masses called nuclei surrounded by white matter

A

Grey

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6
Q

_______ matter contains myelin and lies deep to the cortical gray matter in most of the brain

(opposite the pattern of grey and white matter in the spinal cord)

A

White

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7
Q

___ ______ – different from the dura mater in the spinal cord in that there are two layers of dura mater

A

Dura mater in meninges

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8
Q

The ________ layer adheres to the inside of the cranium

A

periosteal

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9
Q

The ________ layer lies within and continues into the vertebral canal

There is no epidural space in the cranium

A

meningeal

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10
Q

______ – transparent membrane over the brain surface between the dura mater and pia mater

A

Arachnoid

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11
Q

___ _____ – thin delicate membrane that closely follows all the contours of the brain surface, even dipping into the grooves (sulci)

A

Pia mater

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12
Q

The brain has 4 fluid-filled chambers

There are two_____ ______, each of which forms an arc in a cerebral hemisphere

There is a third ventricle near the _____ of the cerebrum

There is a fourth ventricle _____ to the cerebellum

A

lateral ventricles

center

anterior

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13
Q

On the floor or wall of each ventricle there is a ______ ______

A

choroid plexus

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14
Q

The choroid plexus is a ______ ____ of blood capillaries

A

spongy mass

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15
Q

The choroids plexus produces some _________ fluid; the rest of the fluid comes from the lining of the ventricles or from the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal

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16
Q

_______ _____ is a clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface

It is formed by filtration of blood plasma

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

_______ ___ chemically modify the filtrate as it passes through them into the ventricles and subarachnoid space

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

_______ – because the brain and CSF are similar in density, the brain neither sinks nor floats

A

Buoyancy

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19
Q

_______– CSF protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted

A

Protection

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20
Q

_______ _______ – the flow of CSF rinses metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and regulates its chemical environment

A

Chemical stability

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21
Q

______ is a source of bacterial toxins and other agents that can harm brain tissue

A

Blood

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22
Q

The _____-____ barrier strictly regulates which substances get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain

A

blood-brain

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23
Q

Anything passing from the blood into the tissue fluid has to pass through the ________ ____ themselves, which are more selective than gaps between cells

A

endothelial cells

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24
Q

________ ________ -The most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull

A

medulla oblongata

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25
Q

medulla oblongata:

It connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

It regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat

A

It regulates blood pressure and flow

It regulates the rate and depth of breathing

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26
Q

____ - The section of the brainstem between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

A

pons

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27
Q

______ is the source of most nerve fibers carrying signals from the brainstem to the cerebellum

A

pons

28
Q

Nerves from the ____ control eye movements, facial expression, chewing, and swallowing, and they receive sensory signals including taste, hearing, equilibrium, touch, and pain

A

pons

29
Q

The _______ - Large portion of the brain dorsal to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

30
Q

Two hemispheres are connected by a narrow bridge called the ______

A

vermis

31
Q

In sagittal section, the inner white matter, called the _____ ______, looks like a branching fern

A

arbor vitae

32
Q

The cerebellum: (5)

A

smooths muscle contractions

maintains muscle tone and posture

coordinates the motions of different joints with each other

coordinates eye and body movement

serves in learning and storing motor skills

33
Q

The _________ - Short section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and forebrain

A

midbrain

34
Q

The midbrain contains the _______ ___________ (2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi)

A

corpora quadrigemina

35
Q

_______ ________ – functions in visual attention, such as turning the eyes and head in response to a visual stimulus

A

Superior colliculi

36
Q

_______ ________ – receives and processes auditory input from lower levels of the brainstem and relays it to other parts of the brain

A

Inferior colliculi

37
Q

the _______ ____ -Center that improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted muscle contractions

A

substantia nigra

(in midbrain)

38
Q

The _______ _______ - Loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of brainstem and to many areas of the cerebrum

A

The reticular formation

39
Q

Plays roles in somatic muscle control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, consciousness, and habituation

A

The reticular formation

40
Q

The __________– includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

41
Q

_______– oval mass of gray matter underlying each cerebral hemisphere

Gateway to the cerebral cortex – signals going to and from the cerebrum pass through this region

A

Thalamus

42
Q

_________– sits below the thalamus and connects to the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

The Hypothalamus is involved in: (7)

A

hormone secretion

autonomic effects

thermoregulation

food and water intake

sleep and circadian rhythms

emotional responses

memory

44
Q

_______ – consists mostly of the pineal gland, which produces melatonin which helps regulate our sleep-wake cycle

A

Epithalamus

45
Q

The _______ – largest and most superior portion of the brain

Is marked by gyri (thick folds) and sulci (depressed grooves)

A

Cerebrum

46
Q

The two hemispheres are separated by a _______ fissure

At the bottom of this fissure, the hemispheres are connected by a thick “C” shaped bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

A

longitudinal

47
Q

______ lobe – behind frontal bone, concerned with cognition, speech, and motor control

A

Frontal

48
Q

______ lobe – under parietal bones, concerned with receiving and interpreting general senses as well as taste

A

Parietal

49
Q

_______ lobe – at the rear of the head, concerned with vision

A

Occipital

50
Q

_______ lobe – lateral and horizontal lobe, concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

A

Temporal

51
Q

_____– deep lobe (normally covered), plays some roles in taste, hearing, and visceral sensation

A

Insula

cant see from outside

52
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Sensory

Function: Smell

Origin: Olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity

Termination: olfactory bulb

Cranial passage: Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Olfactory

53
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Sensory

Function: Vision

Origin: Retina

Termination: thalamus

Cranial passage: Optic foramen

A

Optic

54
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers

Function: Eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing

Origin: Midbrain

Termination: superior, medial, and inferior rectus; and inferior oblique eye muscles, constrictor of iris and ciliary muscles of lens

Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

A

Oculomotor

55
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers

Function: Eye movements

Origin: Midbrain

Termination: Superior oblique eye muscle

Cranial passage: Superior orbital fissure

A

Trochlear

56
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Sensory

Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in upper face

Origin: superior region of face

Termination: pons

Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

A

Opthalmic division

of Trigeminal

57
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: sensory

Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in lower face

Origin: middle region of face

Termination: pons

Cranial passage: foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary division

of Trigeminal

58
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: sensory and motor

Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in lower jaw, mastication

Sensory Origin: inferior region of face

Sensory Termination: pons

Motor Origin: Pons

Motor Termination: muscles of mastication

Cranial passage: Foramen ovale

A

Mandibular division

of Trigeminal

59
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers

Function: eye movements

Origin: inferior pons

Termination: lateral rectus

Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

A

Abducens

60
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Mixed

Function: motor nerve of facial expression, control of salivary glands, sensation of taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue

Sensory Origin: Taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue

Sensory Termination: thalamus

Motor Origin: pons

Motor Termination: muscle of facial expression, salivary glands

Cranial passage: mastoid foramen

A

Facial

61
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: sensory

Function: hearing and equilibrium

Origin: inner ear

Termination: pons
and medulla oblongata

Cranial passage: internal auditory meatus

A

Vestibulocochlear

62
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: mixed

Function: swallowing, regulation of blood pressure and respiration, taste sensations on the posterior one-third of the tongue

Sensory Origin: Pharynx, posterior one-third of tongue, internal carotid arteries

Sensory Termination: medulla oblongata

Motor Origin: Medulla oblongata

Motor Termination: salivary glands, muscles of swallowing

Cranial passage: jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal

63
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Mixed

Function: cardiovascular and gastrointestinal regulation; sensations of hunger, fullness, and intestinal discomfort

Sensory Origin: thoracic and abdominal viscera

Sensory Termination: medulla oblongata

Motor Origin: medulla oblongata

Motor Termination: thoracic and abdominal viscera

Cranial passage: jugular foramen

A

Vagus

64
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Motor with some proprioceptive fibers

Function: swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movements

Origin: medulla oblongata and segments of C1-C5

Termination: Palate, pharynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Cranial passage: jugular foramen

A

Accessory

65
Q

Which Nerve?

Composition: Motor with some proprioceptive fibers

Function: food manipulation, swallowing, speech

Origin: medulla oblongata

Termination: muscles of the tongue

Cranial passage: hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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