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Biology 2 > Bio Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

________ muscle - voluntary striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones

long, thin, cylindrical fibers

more than one nucleus per cell

overlapping microfilaments producing light and dark striations

A

skeletal

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2
Q

_____ muscle - heart muscle, involuntarily controlled

striated, but involuntarily controlled

one nucleus per cell

A

Cardiac

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3
Q

_____ muscle - involuntarily controlled

no striations
one nucleus per cell

A

smooth

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4
Q

_____ - allows body to move from one place to place and movement of individual body parts

also moves body contents in course of respiration, circulation, digestion, urination, and childbirth

A

movement

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5
Q

_____ - muscles maintain posture for resisting the pull of gravity

A

stability

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6
Q

______ - muscles are used for facial expression, body language, writing and speech

A

communication

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7
Q

____________ - sphincter muscles around eyelids, pupils, and mouth control admission of light, food, and drink into the body

others control movements out of the body

A

control of body openings and passages

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8
Q

_______ _________ - the skeletal muscle produces 85% of body heat

A

heat production

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9
Q

_____ - when stimulated, muscle cells respond with electrical changes across the plasma membrane

A

excitability

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10
Q

_____ - when the muscle is stimulated, electrical excitation is conducted throughout the entire plasma membrane

A

conductivity

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11
Q

_____ - muscle fibers shorten lengthwise when stimulated, which allows them to create movement

A

contractility

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12
Q

_____ - muscle cells can be stretched cells can be stretched, and then the tension is released, it can recoil to its original resting length

A

elasticity

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13
Q

____ - bundles of muscle fibers, visible to the naked eye as parallel strands

A

fascicles

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14
Q

______ - connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

A

perimysium

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15
Q

_____ - a fibrous sheath that separates muscles from one another (deep _____)

or that separates muscles from the overlying skin

A

fascia

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16
Q

_____ muscles - muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at the ends

moderately strong contractions

A

fusiform

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17
Q

______ muscles - muscles that are uniform width and that have parallel fascicles

span long distances, weaker than fusiform

A

parallel

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18
Q

_____ muscles - muscles that are fan shaped, with fibers meeting at a single point

strong bc of relatively small insertion

A

convergent

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19
Q

______ muscles - feather shaped, with fascicles inserting obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle

(fibers meet at a line rather than a point)

strong muscles such as rectus femoris

A

pennate

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20
Q

______ muscles (circular muscles) - form rings around body openings

A

sphincteral

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21
Q

_____ - relatively stationary (and proximal) point of muscles attachment

A

origin

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22
Q

______ more mobile (and distal) point of muscle attachment

A

insertion

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23
Q

_____ - middle region between the origin and the insertion

A

Belly

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24
Q

_____ ______ (agonist) - muscle that produces most of the force during a particular contraction

ex: biceps brachii for flexion of the elbow

A

prime mover

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25
Q

______ - muscle that aids the prime mover to produce more power than a single muscle could

ex: brachialis muscle assists the biceps brachii

A

synergist

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26
Q

_____ - muscle that opposes the prime mover

it relaxes to give the prime mover almost complete control over an action

may maintain some tension on a joint

ex: triceps brachii opposes the biceps brachii

A

antagonist

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27
Q

_____ - muscle that prevents a bone from moving

ex: fixator muscles of the scapula hold the scapula firmly in place during flexion of the elbow

A

fixator

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28
Q

______ muscles are entirely contained within a particular region, having both its origin and insertion there

A

intrinsic

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29
Q

______ muscles act on a particular region, but has its origin elsewhere
some movements of the fingers are produced by ______ muscles in the forearm

A

extrinsic

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30
Q

_____ - any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point

A

lever

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31
Q

_____ - fixed point around which a lever rotates

A

fulcrum

32
Q

_____ force applied against inertia; something done through exertion

A

effort arm

33
Q

______ - part from fulcrum to point of resistance

A

resistance arm

34
Q

functions of lever (3)

A

exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever

move the resisting object farther or faster than the effort arm

there is a trade off between force and speed or distance

35
Q

_____ class lever - fulcrum is between the effort and the resistance

A

first

36
Q

_____ class lever - resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum

A

second

37
Q

_____ class lever - effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

A

third

38
Q

_____ - plasma membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

39
Q

______ ______ - tunnel-like infoldings of the sarcolemma that penetrate through the cell membrane and carry an electrical current from the surface of the cell to the interior when the cell is stimulated

A

transverse tubules

40
Q

_____ - cell membrane of a cell

A

sarcoplam

41
Q

_____ long protein bundles about 1 micrometer un diameter

A

myofibrils

42
Q

_____ provides stored energy for the muscle during exercise

A

glycogen

43
Q

_____ binds oxygen until it is needed for muscular activity

A

myoglobin

44
Q

______ ______ - reservoir for calcium ions which are needed to activate the muscle contraction process

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

______ - parallel protein microfilaments that make up myofibrils

A

myofilaments

46
Q

two kinds of myofilaments

A

myosin myofilaments - thick

actin myofilaments - thin

47
Q

_____ myofilaments run parallel to each other and are anchored one end to a Z line

A

actin

48
Q

_____ myofilaments run parallel to each other and fit in between actin myofilaments

A

myosin

49
Q

a _____ is the term for the segment that spans from one Z line to the next Z line

A

sarcomere

there are dark areas and light areas

50
Q

I bands are _____ and contain only thin filaments

A

light

51
Q

A bands are _____ and contain thick filaments

A

dark

52
Q

H bands are found ______

they are found where the actin and myosin filaments do not overlap

A

in the middle of the A band

53
Q

The ______ shortens during muscle contractions, but the filaments do not

A

sarcomere

54
Q

as the __ lines get closer together, actin and myosin filaments overlap more and more

A

Z

55
Q

Because the ___ bands are the areas consisting of areas where thick filaments are not overlapped by thin filaments, the ___bands shorten during muscle contraction

A

H

56
Q

Because the ___ bands extend from one end of the thick filaments to the other end (overlapping with thin, or not), and because the filaments themselves do not shorten, ___ bands remain the same length

A

A

57
Q

_____ are nerve cells that lead from the central nervous system to muscles (or glands)

A

Motor neurons

58
Q

Each motor nerve fiber branches about ___ times at its distal end, leading to different muscle fibers

A

200

59
Q

Each muscle fiber is innervated by only ___ motor neuron

A

one

60
Q

_____ a junction at the end of an axon where it stimulates another cell

A

Synapse

61
Q

________ ______ - a synapse between a nerve fiber and a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

62
Q

________ ____ - The swollen tip at the distal end of an axon; the site of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release

A

synaptic knob

63
Q

______ _____ - A spheroid organelle in a synaptic knob; contains neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic vesicles

64
Q

______ - A chemical released at the distal end of an axon that stimulates an adjacent cell

A

Neurotransmitter

65
Q

_____ ___ _____ - A depression in a muscle fiber where it has synaptic contact with a nerve fiber and has a high density of neurotransmitter receptors

A

Motor end plate

66
Q

______ ____ – a narrow space between the synaptic knob of an axon and the adjacent cell

a neurotransmitter has to diffuse across this space

A

Synaptic cleft

67
Q

_____ ____ - a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles innervated by it

A

Motor unit

68
Q

_____ _____ _____ - where fine control is needed

very few muscle fibers per nerve fiber

provide fine degree of control needed for subtle movements

small neurons that are easily stimulated

A

small motor units

69
Q

_____ _____ _____ :

many muscle fibers per nerve fiber

much stronger, but lacking fine control

large neurons that are harder to stimulate

A

Large motor units

70
Q

_____ - Exercise stimulates muscle fibers to produce more protein myofilaments

  • Myofibrils grow thicker
  • a large myofibril splits longitudinally, so a well- conditioned muscle cell has more myofibrils
  • Some scientists think that entire muscle cell may split, leading to increased numbers of muscle cells (not just myofibrils)
A

Growth

71
Q

_______ – muscle shrinks if it is not used

A

atrophy

72
Q

_____ atrophy – typically seen when a limb is kept in a cast for weeks

A

Disuse

73
Q

_______ atrophy – seen in cases where the spinal cord or nerve connections to a muscle are damaged

A

Denervation

74
Q

______ atrophy – occurs due to aging, regardless of exercise

A

Senescence

75
Q

_______ Muscle

  • Makes up most of the heart
  • Striated like skeletal muscle
  • Short, stumpy, slightly branched cells
  • Have intercalated discs where the cells meet
  • Each cell has one centrally-placed nucleus
A

Cardiac

76
Q

______ Muscle

  • Found in blood vessels, air passages, the iris of the eye, and digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
  • Fusiform in shape
  • Each cell has a single nucleus
A

Smooth

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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