Bio Lab Final

Question 1

Statistical Analysis

Answer 1

Ho-null hypothesis and this is when the difference in means in not significant
HA-alternative hypothesis, this is when the difference in significant and the results are due to the experiment
Critical value- level of significance determines the p value used
p value-this is the significance level
t value- test statistic value if it is greater or equal to p value then you reject Ho and if it is less than the p value you fail to reject Ho

Question 2

Lichen dichotomous key

Answer 2

crustose- thin flat crust adheres to the margins substrates and cant be removed
Foliose- flat leaf like, attached to the substrate with with rhizines thallus has an upper and lower surface
fruticose- thallus is attached to the substrate at the base and only grows vertically and downward hairlike or shrublike.

Question 3

Experimental design

Answer 3

Observations
Question
Design
Hypothesis
Experiment
Results
Control groups, variables and constants

Question 4

Figures and Table captions

Answer 4

Figures title below- include title in first sentence then explain procedure in next sentences
Title above
Should be able to understand the figure and title without information from the rest of the research paper

Question 5

Aseptic technique

Answer 5

sterile environment

Question 6

Compound microscope
Refer to an image to know parts

Answer 6

3 lens
condenser-focuses light
objective- magnifies 4x,10x,40x
ocular- magnifies and inverts

Question 7

EPU eye piece units

Answer 7

units found on eyepiece used to calculate size of specimen 1um=1000mm

Question 8

Dissecting microscope

Answer 8

two lights three dimensional view of organism

Question 9

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 9

Genus species either in italics or both words underlined

Question 10

Speciation 2 types

Answer 10

when one species diverges into two
allopatric-physical barriers
sympatric- no physical barriers only reproductive

Question 11

Mechanisms for evolution

Answer 11

natural selection-survival of the fittest advantageous characteristics based on
gene flow-movement of alleles from on population to another
genetic drift- random even causing change to gene pool
mutations-change in genetic sequence

Question 12

New genes are brought into population

Answer 12

gene flow and mutation

Question 13

Phylogenetic’s parts

Answer 13

nodes-where species diverge speciation
sister taxa- share closest common ancestor
basal-diverges early
derived-diverges later
clade- group of taxa under research common ancestor and all descendents
out group- farthest related but still related

Question 14

divergence time

Answer 14

molecular clock
fossil record
radiometric dating

Question 15

speciation linked to

Answer 15

macroevolution

Question 16

Alternation of generations

Answer 16

meiosis results in haploid spores spores develop into sex cells antheridia and archegonium gametophyte which hold male and female gametes. Sperm and egg come together to create a zygote diploid sporophyte

Question 17

Hermaphroditic gametophytes

Answer 17

have both male and female archegonia and antheridia

Question 18

Archegonia
Antheridia

Answer 18

Archegonia- eggs
antheridia-sperm

Question 19

Analogous
homologous

Answer 19

a-similar but not same common ancestor
h-derived from the same common ancestor

Question 20

Adaptions in the transition to land

Answer 20

vascular tissue-allows water to flow more efficiently through the plant and not just by osmosis. Xylem and Phloem
adds support and rigidy
True roots
true leaves
internal gametophyte most water dependent and fragile part of life is protected
seed production
seed coats-angiosperms protected and gymnosperms naked seeds

Question 21

Scientific method

Answer 21

observations
question
design
hypothesis
experiment
results
conclusion

compare hypothesis to results
controlled group, variables constants etc

Question 22

Habitat

Answer 22

Ecological and environmental area where an organism lives and the abiotic and biotic factors around it

Question 23

Specialists
Generalists

Answer 23

Specialist only found in narrow living conditions
Generalists found in broad living conditions

Question 24

Microhabitat

Answer 24

specific environment inside the broad habitat

Question 25

Ecological niche

Answer 25

role of an organism in a habitat

Question 26

Interspecific competition

Answer 26

competition between organisms of different species share similar environment and compete for them

Question 27

Infraspecific competition

Answer 27

competition for resources within a population

Question 28

Tropic Levels

Answer 28

Quaternary apex predator carnivore, tertiary carnivore, secondary carnivore that eats herbivore, primary herbivores, primary producers autotrophs and chemotrophs
10% of energy passed on

Question 29

Chitin

Answer 29

Makes up the cell walls of fungus , absorbs rather than ingest compounds for metabolism and ability to reproduce spores

Question 30

How do fungi eat

Answer 30

Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from the environment, some fungi secrete enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller ones, others use enzymes to penetrate cell wall and absorb nutrients

Question 31

Hyphae

Answer 31

Building blocks of fungus, tubular filaments form interwoven mycelium or differentiate into fruiting bodies

Question 32

Fungal reproduction

Answer 32

Sexual and asexual by producing spores

Question 33

Sexual reproduction of fungi

Answer 33

three phases meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy,
Meiosis- creates spores which germinate into hyphae which form mycelium
plasmogamy- cytoplasm from two hyphae fuse together bringing nuclei from each parent into one cell this dikaryon is the n+n phase cytoplasm fuse but nuclei are separate. n+n phase grows into repro fruiting body
karyogamy-nuclei fuse together to create a diploid zygote 2n and through meiosis create spores

Question 34

Asexual reproduction of fungi

Answer 34

spores turn into hyphae and form mycelium mat with spore producing structure to produce more spores

Question 35

Basidiomycetes

Answer 35

club fungi, spore producing cells called basidia look like clubs

Question 36

Ascomycetes

Answer 36

sac fungi, sac like structure where spores are produced and form symbiotic relationships as lichen with mycorrhizae

Question 37

Chytrids

Answer 37

chytridium, globular fruiting body forms multicellular branched hyphae, flagellated spores

Question 38

Zygomycetes

Answer 38

mould grow rapidly in foods decomposers or parasites others neutral comensal symbionts

Question 39

Glomermycetes

Answer 39

arbuscular mycorrrhizal form mycorrhizal relationships with plants

Question 40

Yeast

Answer 40

no hyphae asexual budding unicellular

Question 41

Ecological roles of fungi

Answer 41

saprophytic derive energy from the breakdown of organic materials
decomposers
pathogens-absorb off of living host

Question 42

Mycorrhizae

Answer 42

mutualistic relationship between lichen and plant roots of vascular plants increase functional area of root system to collect water and nutrients fungus receives photosynthetic products from plants

Question 43

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 43

penetrates root cells

Question 44

Ectomycorrhizae

Answer 44

surrounds root cells and grows between but does not penetrate

Question 45

lichen

Answer 45

crustose-thin flat layer adheres to surface encrusts
foliose-flat with leaf like lobes attached to substrates with rhizines circular thallus upper and lower surface
fruticose-thallus attached to substrate at base and only grows vertically upward or downward shrub like or hairlike.