Bio Lab Exam Flashcards
what are the main parts of a microscope(10)
Oculars
revolving nosepiece
arm
objective lenses
coarse and fine adjustment
mechanical stage controls
stage
condenser
iris diaphram
light intensity
What are the main differences between prok and euk organisms
-euk has membrane bound organelles and nucleus, prok doesnt
- Prok = no nuleus
- prok = smaller
- binary fission vs mitosis
what r the prok organsims vs euk organisms
bacteria + archaea
vs
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
how to estimate the size of a cell ?
Lense size/#cells across
Eg) 0.44/2
what are the lense diameter sizes
40x = 0.44
10x = 1.75
4x = 4.40
what Pollution index signifies high medium or low pollution
<2 = low
2<4 = medium
4< = High
how do you calculate the relative total pollution of an organism in a body of water
(pollution index x frequency or organism)
eg) 4 x 0.26
frequency = #organism/total
what type of microscopy is viewed on a black background absorbs one particular wavelength of light
Fluorescence microscopy (light)
what type of microscopy involves focusing a lazer on a very thin plane and can be constructed into a 3d image
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (light)
what type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons on a very thin plane and has great resolution
TEM
what type of microscopy uses electrons and results in a detailed 3d image
SEM
what are the main parts of an onion cell
CV
Cytoplasmic strands
Cellular granules
what is the function of the CV
gives support to cell when fully expanded
storage of water, enzymes, ions etc
What are some of the cellular granules in an onion
mitochondria, leucoplasts
what are the main parts of a green pepper cell
Cell wall
chloroplasts
chlorophylls
what do chloroplasts do + what is in them
site of photosynthesis
chlorophylls inside, have green pigment
what are the 3 main plastids
chloroplasts
chromoplasts
leucoplasts
what are the main parts of a red pepper cell
plasmodesmata
CV
chromoplasts
what is the pigment and colour of chromoplasts
carotenoids, red-orange-yellow
function of plasmodesmata and location
- cell to cell communication
- cell wall
function and colour of leucoplasts
storage of starch, protein and fats, no colour
what do banana cells have that most others dont+what colur are they
starch grains (with striations)
, greenish-black
what is photosynthesis
using light to convert CO2 and H2O –> sugars (glucose) and O2
what are stomata and what is the function
pores, gas exchange
what does the cheek cell contain
Plasma memb,
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
what are the main parts of an amoeba
plasma memb
pseudopodia
nucleus
CV
cytoplasm
what is the function of pseudopodia (false foot)
extension of cytoplasm, how amoeba moves around
how do amoeba eat ?
phagocytosis of other animal cells using pseudopodia
what is the function of the lysosome
digestive system of the cell
how else could animal cells move around besides pseudopodia
cilia or flagella (made from microtubules)
TF animal cells have chloroplasts
false
what do osmosis and diffusion have in common
both passive transport methods (no energy req)
definition of diffusion
movement of molecs from and area of high concent to an area of low concent
definition of osmosis
movement of water thru selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute concent to area of high solute concent
what is selectively permeable in animal cells
plasma memb
what is selectively permeable in plant cells
cell wall
what is the fromula for % change
final - initial / initial
how do prok cells divide
binary fission (circular chromo will replicate then sperate)
how do euk cells divide
mitosis, cytokenesis
what are 3 major functions of mitosis
developments of fertilized egg to embryo then adult
asexual reproduction (clones)
Healing
what is the G1 stage of mitosis
cell growth of new organelles
what is the S stage in mitosis
DNA synthesis
what is the G2 stage in mitosis
more growth + prep for division
how do we calculate the amount of time spent in each stage
cells in phase/Grand total x 960 mins
what are the 3 types of cellularity
unicellular, colonial, multicellular
what is a ploidy
the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism:
how does meiosis occur in plants
sporocytes in the sporangia on fern undergo meiosis to produce and release haploid spores, the create a gametophyte with Archegonium(egg) and Antheridium(sperm) that are released and come together to make a diplod zygote.
a plants lifecycle is called
alternation of genes
what is a rhizoid
underside stems of a gametophyte
where does the process of crossing over occur
chiasma
what structures should a student look for to confirm that an organism is living
ctyoplasm
plasma memb
DNA
Ribosomes
what is mendels second law
alleles of diff genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation
what is a monohybrid cross
crossbetween 2 organisms with respect to 1 characteristic`
what is a frequency
proportion of 1 type of thing to the tot population
ex of genotypic vs phenotypic ratio
1 DD: 2Dd
3 green seed : 1 white seed
what is a ratio
proportion of 1 type of thing to another
ex of genotypic v phenotypic frequency
0.5 DD, 0.5 dd
0.75 green, 0.25 white
what is a test cross
crossing indicidual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
what r 2 uses of a test cross
identify unknown gamete
determine if genes in question r located on diff chromos
what is the formula for phenotypic frequency
phenotype/ # total
if genes r linked it means they:
move (assort) together
If genotype = AaBb and A+B are linked, what are the gamete genotypes
AB and ab
what is a dihybrid cross
crossing 2 organisms with respect to 2 diff characteristics
what is mendel’s first law
alleles of 1 gene will segregate from one another during gamete formation
2 types of chromos in humans
sex chromos
autosomes
how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromos in humans
22 auto
1 sex
what is a karyotype
photograph of chromos in an actively dividing cell
what is turner syndrom
female abnormality(No Y chromo)
- small ovaries
- infertile
- wide chest
- short
what is the name and abnormalities for an extra x on chromo 21
down syndrome
- oval eyes
- slower mental capacity
- underdeveloped muscle tone
what is the name and abnormalities for an extra X sex chromo
kleinfelders syndrome
- small testes
- lower test levels
- sterile
are the dominant phenotypic characteristics always the most common ones
no
tf females r more likely to exhibit an x linked recessive trait
F males are
Can males be carriers of sex linked traits
no
what is a protan deficiency
reduced or complete absence of red photoreceptors in the eye
what is the deficiency of reduced or absent green colour receptor in the eye
Deutan
TF when doing a sex linked punette square, we do not put traits on the Y chromo
True
what is polygenic inheritance
a system of inheritance where a trait is influenced by multiple genes and alleles, not by dominance or recessivity.
Tf a graph of polygenic inheritance will look like a straight line
F, will look like a bell curve
when calculating genes that contribute to a polygenic trait, how do we count the alleles
AA = 2 dominant, not one
ex) BBCCDdEEff = 7 dominant alleles
TF the crossover frequency of 2 linked genes is proportional to the distance between them
T
how can we find the distance of alleles in map units
- draw punette square
- find which gametes r recombinant
- find the % recombination
- there r ur map units (how far apart the genes r apart)
how do we find the % recombination of gametes
of recombinants / # of tot offspring x 100
what is biotechnology
use of organisms to make or modify products useful to humans
what is traditional biotechnology
used for many years, selective plant/animal breeding, use of yeast etc
what is modern biotechnology
specific DNA manipulation, transfer of genes for medicine etc
What is a nucleotide made of
Nitrogenous base
sugar
phosphate grp
what is the central dogma of biology
DNA –> RNA –> protein
what are the main steps to forensic investigation
DNA extraction
PCR
Restriction fragment analysis
Interpreting the results
what are the steps to DNA extraction
- Collection in an isotonic medium
- Addition of lysis solution
- addition of 70% ethanol
What are the steps to PCR
- denature DNA using heat to separate the strands
- Annealing of primers, cool it down to primers can bond
- extension of primers, add heat to allow DNA to add dNTPs to end of primers
What r the 4 ingredients required for PCR
- DNA extract
- 4 DN-triphosphates(dATP, dCTP, dGTP, d TTP)
- Primers
- DNA polymerase
What do the DN-triphosphates do in PCR
the building blocks used to produce the copies of DNA
what are primers and what r their function
short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for initiation of DNA replicaition
What is DNA polymerase
heat stable enzyme that elongates DNA chain by adding DN-triphosphates(dNTP’s) to the end of primers
What is restriction fragment analysis
the cutting of base sequences in DNA using restriction enzymes
what are the steps to restriction fragment analysis
- restriction digest
- gel electrophoresis
what is restriction digest in fragment analysis
a restriction enzyme added to the PCR product and the solution is placed in an incubator, the enzyme cuts the DNA and places them into specific fragment sizes and numbers
What is gel electrophoresis in fragment analysis
placing the samples into a gel and electrodes are ran through them forcing the lighter samples to the positive end and the heavier samples to the positive end
TF DNA is positively charged
F, negative
What is the ladder used for in the gel
used as a reference to estimate size of DNA fragment
what is recombinant DNA
DNA from 2 diff sources engineered to create medically and agriculturally important proteins.
what is an organism that is the result to recombinant DNA
Genetically modified organism
what stiches the DNA back together ?
DNA Ligase
How do you find the phenotypic ratio given the map units
take the # of recombinant alleles and multiply by the % of map units given, then do the same with parental but multiply the % left
eg) 15 map units = 0.15%, the rest = 0.85%
