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BIO 120 > Bio Lab Exam > Flashcards

Bio Lab Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the main parts of a microscope(10)

A

Oculars
revolving nosepiece
arm
objective lenses
coarse and fine adjustment
mechanical stage controls
stage
condenser
iris diaphram
light intensity

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2
Q

What are the main differences between prok and euk organisms

A

-euk has membrane bound organelles and nucleus, prok doesnt
- Prok = no nuleus
- prok = smaller
- binary fission vs mitosis

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3
Q

what r the prok organsims vs euk organisms

A

bacteria + archaea
vs
Protists, fungi, plants, animals

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4
Q

how to estimate the size of a cell ?

A

Lense size/#cells across
Eg) 0.44/2

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5
Q

what are the lense diameter sizes

A

40x = 0.44
10x = 1.75
4x = 4.40

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6
Q

what Pollution index signifies high medium or low pollution

A

<2 = low
2<4 = medium
4< = High

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7
Q

how do you calculate the relative total pollution of an organism in a body of water

A

(pollution index x frequency or organism)

eg) 4 x 0.26

frequency = #organism/total

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8
Q

what type of microscopy is viewed on a black background absorbs one particular wavelength of light

A

Fluorescence microscopy (light)

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9
Q

what type of microscopy involves focusing a lazer on a very thin plane and can be constructed into a 3d image

A

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (light)

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10
Q

what type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons on a very thin plane and has great resolution

A

TEM

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11
Q

what type of microscopy uses electrons and results in a detailed 3d image

A

SEM

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12
Q

what are the main parts of an onion cell

A

CV
Cytoplasmic strands
Cellular granules

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13
Q

what is the function of the CV

A

gives support to cell when fully expanded
storage of water, enzymes, ions etc

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14
Q

What are some of the cellular granules in an onion

A

mitochondria, leucoplasts

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15
Q

what are the main parts of a green pepper cell

A

Cell wall
chloroplasts
chlorophylls

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16
Q

what do chloroplasts do + what is in them

A

site of photosynthesis
chlorophylls inside, have green pigment

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17
Q

what are the 3 main plastids

A

chloroplasts
chromoplasts
leucoplasts

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18
Q

what are the main parts of a red pepper cell

A

plasmodesmata
CV
chromoplasts

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19
Q

what is the pigment and colour of chromoplasts

A

carotenoids, red-orange-yellow

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20
Q

function of plasmodesmata and location

A
  • cell to cell communication
  • cell wall
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21
Q

function and colour of leucoplasts

A

storage of starch, protein and fats, no colour

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22
Q

what do banana cells have that most others dont+what colur are they

A

starch grains (with striations)
, greenish-black

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23
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

using light to convert CO2 and H2O –> sugars (glucose) and O2

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24
Q

what are stomata and what is the function

A

pores, gas exchange

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25
Q

what does the cheek cell contain

A

Plasma memb,
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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26
Q

what are the main parts of an amoeba

A

plasma memb
pseudopodia
nucleus
CV
cytoplasm

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27
Q

what is the function of pseudopodia (false foot)

A

extension of cytoplasm, how amoeba moves around

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28
Q

how do amoeba eat ?

A

phagocytosis of other animal cells using pseudopodia

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29
Q

what is the function of the lysosome

A

digestive system of the cell

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30
Q

how else could animal cells move around besides pseudopodia

A

cilia or flagella (made from microtubules)

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31
Q

TF animal cells have chloroplasts

A

false

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32
Q

what do osmosis and diffusion have in common

A

both passive transport methods (no energy req)

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33
Q

definition of diffusion

A

movement of molecs from and area of high concent to an area of low concent

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34
Q

definition of osmosis

A

movement of water thru selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute concent to area of high solute concent

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35
Q

what is selectively permeable in animal cells

A

plasma memb

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36
Q

what is selectively permeable in plant cells

A

cell wall

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37
Q

what is the fromula for % change

A

final - initial / initial

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38
Q

how do prok cells divide

A

binary fission (circular chromo will replicate then sperate)

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39
Q

how do euk cells divide

A

mitosis, cytokenesis

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40
Q

what are 3 major functions of mitosis

A

developments of fertilized egg to embryo then adult
asexual reproduction (clones)
Healing

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41
Q

what is the G1 stage of mitosis

A

cell growth of new organelles

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42
Q

what is the S stage in mitosis

A

DNA synthesis

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43
Q

what is the G2 stage in mitosis

A

more growth + prep for division

44
Q

how do we calculate the amount of time spent in each stage

A

cells in phase/Grand total x 960 mins

45
Q

what are the 3 types of cellularity

A

unicellular, colonial, multicellular

46
Q

what is a ploidy

A

the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism:

47
Q

how does meiosis occur in plants

A

sporocytes in the sporangia on fern undergo meiosis to produce and release haploid spores, the create a gametophyte with Archegonium(egg) and Antheridium(sperm) that are released and come together to make a diplod zygote.

48
Q

a plants lifecycle is called

A

alternation of genes

49
Q

what is a rhizoid

A

underside stems of a gametophyte

50
Q

where does the process of crossing over occur

A

chiasma

51
Q

what structures should a student look for to confirm that an organism is living

A

ctyoplasm
plasma memb
DNA
Ribosomes

52
Q

what is mendels second law

A

alleles of diff genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

53
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

crossbetween 2 organisms with respect to 1 characteristic`

54
Q

what is a frequency

A

proportion of 1 type of thing to the tot population

55
Q

ex of genotypic vs phenotypic ratio

A

1 DD: 2Dd
3 green seed : 1 white seed

56
Q

what is a ratio

A

proportion of 1 type of thing to another

57
Q

ex of genotypic v phenotypic frequency

A

0.5 DD, 0.5 dd
0.75 green, 0.25 white

58
Q

what is a test cross

A

crossing indicidual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

59
Q

what r 2 uses of a test cross

A

identify unknown gamete
determine if genes in question r located on diff chromos

60
Q

what is the formula for phenotypic frequency

A

phenotype/ # total

61
Q

if genes r linked it means they:

A

move (assort) together

62
Q

If genotype = AaBb and A+B are linked, what are the gamete genotypes

A

AB and ab

63
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

A

crossing 2 organisms with respect to 2 diff characteristics

64
Q

what is mendel’s first law

A

alleles of 1 gene will segregate from one another during gamete formation

65
Q

2 types of chromos in humans

A

sex chromos
autosomes

66
Q

how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromos in humans

A

22 auto
1 sex

67
Q

what is a karyotype

A

photograph of chromos in an actively dividing cell

68
Q

what is turner syndrom

A

female abnormality(No Y chromo)
- small ovaries
- infertile
- wide chest
- short

69
Q

what is the name and abnormalities for an extra x on chromo 21

A

down syndrome
- oval eyes
- slower mental capacity
- underdeveloped muscle tone

70
Q

what is the name and abnormalities for an extra X sex chromo

A

kleinfelders syndrome
- small testes
- lower test levels
- sterile

71
Q

are the dominant phenotypic characteristics always the most common ones

A

no

72
Q

tf females r more likely to exhibit an x linked recessive trait

A

F males are

73
Q

Can males be carriers of sex linked traits

A

no

74
Q

what is a protan deficiency

A

reduced or complete absence of red photoreceptors in the eye

75
Q

what is the deficiency of reduced or absent green colour receptor in the eye

A

Deutan

76
Q

TF when doing a sex linked punette square, we do not put traits on the Y chromo

A

True

77
Q

what is polygenic inheritance

A

a system of inheritance where a trait is influenced by multiple genes and alleles, not by dominance or recessivity.

78
Q

Tf a graph of polygenic inheritance will look like a straight line

A

F, will look like a bell curve

79
Q

when calculating genes that contribute to a polygenic trait, how do we count the alleles

A

AA = 2 dominant, not one
ex) BBCCDdEEff = 7 dominant alleles

80
Q

TF the crossover frequency of 2 linked genes is proportional to the distance between them

A

T

81
Q

how can we find the distance of alleles in map units

A
  • draw punette square
  • find which gametes r recombinant
  • find the % recombination
  • there r ur map units (how far apart the genes r apart)
82
Q

how do we find the % recombination of gametes

A

of recombinants / # of tot offspring x 100

83
Q

what is biotechnology

A

use of organisms to make or modify products useful to humans

84
Q

what is traditional biotechnology

A

used for many years, selective plant/animal breeding, use of yeast etc

85
Q

what is modern biotechnology

A

specific DNA manipulation, transfer of genes for medicine etc

86
Q

What is a nucleotide made of

A

Nitrogenous base
sugar
phosphate grp

87
Q

what is the central dogma of biology

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

88
Q

what are the main steps to forensic investigation

A

DNA extraction
PCR
Restriction fragment analysis
Interpreting the results

89
Q

what are the steps to DNA extraction

A
  • Collection in an isotonic medium
  • Addition of lysis solution
  • addition of 70% ethanol
90
Q

What are the steps to PCR

A
  • denature DNA using heat to separate the strands
  • Annealing of primers, cool it down to primers can bond
  • extension of primers, add heat to allow DNA to add dNTPs to end of primers
91
Q

What r the 4 ingredients required for PCR

A
  • DNA extract
  • 4 DN-triphosphates(dATP, dCTP, dGTP, d TTP)
  • Primers
  • DNA polymerase
92
Q

What do the DN-triphosphates do in PCR

A

the building blocks used to produce the copies of DNA

93
Q

what are primers and what r their function

A

short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for initiation of DNA replicaition

94
Q

What is DNA polymerase

A

heat stable enzyme that elongates DNA chain by adding DN-triphosphates(dNTP’s) to the end of primers

95
Q

What is restriction fragment analysis

A

the cutting of base sequences in DNA using restriction enzymes

96
Q

what are the steps to restriction fragment analysis

A
  • restriction digest
  • gel electrophoresis
97
Q

what is restriction digest in fragment analysis

A

a restriction enzyme added to the PCR product and the solution is placed in an incubator, the enzyme cuts the DNA and places them into specific fragment sizes and numbers

98
Q

What is gel electrophoresis in fragment analysis

A

placing the samples into a gel and electrodes are ran through them forcing the lighter samples to the positive end and the heavier samples to the positive end

99
Q

TF DNA is positively charged

A

F, negative

100
Q

What is the ladder used for in the gel

A

used as a reference to estimate size of DNA fragment

101
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

DNA from 2 diff sources engineered to create medically and agriculturally important proteins.

102
Q

what is an organism that is the result to recombinant DNA

A

Genetically modified organism

103
Q

what stiches the DNA back together ?

A

DNA Ligase

104
Q

How do you find the phenotypic ratio given the map units

A

take the # of recombinant alleles and multiply by the % of map units given, then do the same with parental but multiply the % left
eg) 15 map units = 0.15%, the rest = 0.85%

105
Q
A

BIO 120 (10 decks)

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