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Theory Fall 2020 > BIO II > Flashcards

BIO II Flashcards

1
Q

There is more scalloping on the ora serrata. Nasal or temporal?

A

Nasal has more scalloping.

Temporal is smooth

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2
Q

What landmarks can you use to determine where the equator is?

A

Vortex veins. People usually have 4 in all diagonals. Can have up to 15, so don’t be alarmed.

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3
Q

Macula is usually how many DD?

What about the fovea?

A

Macula: 4
Fovea: 1

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4
Q

The equator divides which two poles

A

Anterior and posterior poles. It is the imaginary circle through ampullae of vortex veins.

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5
Q

Where do superior vortex veins drain?

What about inferior?

A

Superior drain into superior ophthalmic vein

Inferior drain into inferior ophthalmic vein

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6
Q

Ora Serrata is junction between

A

Neural retina and ciliary body. It is the anterior most portion of the retina.

2mm wide nasal, 1mm wide temporal

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7
Q

How wide is ora serrata nasal and temporal in mm

A

2mm nasal, 1mm temporal

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8
Q

Procedure used to view ora serrata

A

Scleral indentation.

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9
Q

Pars plana of the ciliary body

A

Broad, flat, pigmented chocolate colored band from pars ciliaris (tips of ciliary process) to ora serrata.

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10
Q

What is the pars plana composed of? Is it pigmented or non pigmented, and what layers does it have?

A

Inner non pigmented epithelium. Outer pigmented epithelium.

Basal lamina, and layer of blood vessels.

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11
Q

Pars plana. How wide nasally and temporally. in mm

A

4mm nasal, 5mm temporal

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12
Q

Corona ciliaris (ciliary crown)

  • How wide
  • How many ciliary processes
  • layers
A

Anterior portion of ciliary body.
2mm wide
Contains 60-70 ciliary process.
Composed of non-pigmented and pigmented epithelium, stroma, blood vessels, and smooth muscle.

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13
Q

Location of long ciliary nerves

A

3 and 9 oclock

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14
Q

Location of short posterior ciliary nerves

A

6 and 12 oclock. Can have 10-20 nerves located all around the eye other than at 3 and 9 o clock (long ciliary nerves are there)

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15
Q

Choroidal pigment will surround which nerves?

A

Short posterior ciliary nerves

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16
Q

Long posterior ciliary nerves divide the retina horizontally into which hemispheres

A

Superior and inferior. They run from midperiphery to ora strata.

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17
Q

Long posterior ciliary nerves are usually accompanied by

A

Long posterior ciliary arteries

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18
Q

The vitreous body fills how much of the globe

A

2/3rd

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19
Q

What is the vitreous body composed of?

A
  • Mostly collagen type 2 (60-75%) Unbranched, elastic, bouncy.
  • hyalocytes that produce glycosaminoglycans/hyaluronic acid.
  • 98% water
  • Other collagen types include type 5, 9 and 11.
20
Q

Vitreous cortex. What is it and what are the two areas?

A

Shell of condensed vitreous that surrounds gel.

  1. Anterior hyaloid face starts anterior to ora serrata.
  2. Posterior hyaloid face adheres to ILM of retina. Very very thin.
21
Q

Firmest attachments of the vitreous cortex from most to least

A 
Firmest
Vitreous base straddles ora serrata
Optic disk 
Macula 
Retinal blood vessels
Weakest
22
Q

Another word for vitreous base

A

Vitreoretinal symphysis

23
Q

Can a PVD occur at the vitreous base?

A

NO

24
Q

Vitreous base margins (3)

A

Anterior margin- white ridge on pars plana
Vitreous base is hyper pigmented in the middle
Posterior border is invisible.

25
Q

When drawing retinal finings, draw 3 concentric circles that represent

A

Pars plana, ora serrata, equator. Mark fovea with an X

26
Q

What does CHRPE stand for

A

Congenital hypertrophy of the RPE

27
Q

Presentations of CHRPE

A

Bear tracks, solitary pigmented lesion with or without hypo pigmented halo. Looks scary, but not.

28
Q

What causes CHRPE

A

Due to RPE hyperplasia or hypertrophy.

29
Q

Another name for nevus

A

Benign choroidal melanoma

30
Q

What is nevus caused by

A

Hyperpigmentation of choroid. Accummulation of normal melanocytes in choroid.

31
Q

How does nevus appear

A

Flate, sate gray lesion with indistinct margins.

32
Q

When might a nevus convergence to malignancy

A

Onset of pregnancy may cause growth or conversion to malignancies.

33
Q

What kind of retinal detachment may occur near nevus

A

Isolated serous sensory retinal detachment.

34
Q

White without pressure appears as what.

A

Area of translucent white to gray retina between equator and ora serrata. More frequently seen in AA.

35
Q

What causes White without pressure?

A

Vitreous tugs on retina and causes retina to thicken slightly. Gives illusion that retina is elevated.

36
Q

Who is likely to have white without pressure

A

AA older age.

37
Q

White with pressure. How do you see this?

A

Have to do scleral indenter.

38
Q

Difference between white with pressure and white without pressure

A

Thought to be histologically similar. Same prognosis and management as white without pressure.

Use scleral indenter to see white with pressure.
White with pressure through to have less potential to cause retinal breaks.

39
Q

Retinoschisis 2 types

A
  1. Typical/flat (over 50% are this type)

2. Reticular/bullous

40
Q

Typical/flat retinoschisis

  • What causes it?
  • Unilateral or bilateral
A

Splitting of neurosensory retina at outer plexiform layer. Closer to RPE.
Usually bilateral
Increased incident with age
Usually asymptomatic but shows scotoma on visual fields test

41
Q

Retinoschisis Reticular/bulbar

  • What causes it
  • What does it look like
  • Some have what appearance or are associated with?
  • Filled with ___
A 
Splitting of NFL
Looks like a blister, balloon. 
Outer layer may show honeycomb pattern. 
Some have snowflakes on surface 
Some have associated retinal detachment 
Cavity thought to be filled with hyaluronic acid. 
Usually doesn't lead to any issues.
42
Q

Pavingstone Degneration- other names

A

Primary chorioretinal atrophy

Cobblestone degeneration

43
Q

Pavingstone degeneration is caused by what

A

Choriocapillaris occlusion with subsequent RPE and retinal tissue loss.

44
Q

Pavingstone degeneration is located where

A

Nonpigmented areas between equator and ora serrata. Usually inferior
Majority found posterior to ora.

45
Q

Pavingstone degeneration. Prevalent in who

A

People aging and in myopes.

46
Q

Other names for retinal holes that do not have vetreoretinal traction

  • location of hole
  • What does it look like
A

Atrophic hole or retinal break
Located between equator and ora.
Less than 7% develop retinal detachment.
-2DD round, red lesion. pin point.

47
Q

Other names for retinal holes that do have vetrioretinal traction

  • Results from what
  • What does it look like
  • Location
A

Traction hole, percolated retinal hole.

  • Result from abnormal vitreoretinal adhesion
  • Looks like a round red hole with overlying floating fragment of tissue
  • Occur between equator and ora.

Theory Fall 2020 (13 decks)

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