BIO Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is population size?
A
total number of individuals
2
Q
What is population density?
A
number of individuals per unit area
3
Q
To estimate population size biologists use 3 methods listed on the slide. What are they?
A
Quadrat, Transect, Mark and Recapture
4
Q
What are the three main patterns of spacing of a population?
A
- Clumped
- Uniform
- Random
5
Q
What causes the spacing of a population?
A
resource availablitiy
6
Q
Type I survivorship curve has how many offspring and what type of care?
A
low mortality in early and middle years and occurs mostly in older individuals
7
Q
Type II survivorship curve has how many offspring and what type of care?
A
mortality is relatively constant throughout the entire life span
8
Q
A curve that is J-shaped is what kind of growth
A
exponential
9
Q
A curve that is S-shaped is what kind of growth
A
logistical
10
Q
What are the 4 factors that influence how fast a population grows
A
- Birth rate
- Mortality rate
- Emigration
- Immigration
11
Q
How are individuals moving when emigrating?
A
away from the population
12
Q
How are individuals moving when immigrating?
A
moving to the population
13
Q
What natural abiotic events can limit population size
A
natural phenomena such as water events
14
Q
What biotic events can limit population size?
A
- Predator
- Disease
- Parasites
- Competition
15
Q
When human population grows animal (BLANK) increases?
A
extinction
16
Q
What is carrying capacity
A
max population size a particular enviornment can support
17
Q
Quadrats, transect, and mark and recapture sampling are all used to
A
estimate population size
18
Q
The human population currently shows
A
exponential growth
19
Q
The maximum population size that a particular environment can support is called
A
carrying capacity
20
Q
Where is the biosphere
A
thin outer layer of the earth
21
Q
What does the biosphere do?
A
support life (all organisms live here)
22
Q
Define Ecology
A
Study of the relationship of organisms to their environment
23
Q
Define population
A
group of individuals of a single species living in close proximity and capable of interbreeding
24
Q
What defines a habitat?
A
This is where the organisms live (the address-where we go to find it)
25
A Niche is like a species (BLANK) in a habitat
role/job
26
What happens in a predator/prey interaction
predator benefits and the prey is harmed
27
What happens in herbivory?
benefits the animal but harms the planet
28
What kind of defense against predation can animals have?
mechanical or chemical
29
Mechanical defense
armor in animals, thorns in plants
30
Chemical defense
Toxins- latex, digitalis
31
The southern masked-weaver is starting to make a nest in a tree in Zambezi Valley. This is an example of what kind of relationship?
symbiosis
32
What is mutualism
when both members from a pair of species benefit from their interaction
33
Who benefits in mutualism
both parties
34
What is parasitism? Who benefits?
parasite benefits and harms the hosts
35
Predator-prey relationship led to mimicry. Explain
Harmless species mimic those that have toxins or stings (Batesian mimicry)
36
Explain a foundation species give an example
base/bedrock of a species (usually primary consumers) EX. coral
37
What is a Keystone Species
species that maintain ecological community structure
38
What predator example (for keystone species) did we learn about more than once
wolves
39
What harm do invasive species cause?
they alter the community they invade
40
The study of the relationship to their environment is
ecology
41
Foundation species such as (BLANK) are the “bedrock” of the community
coral
42
The wolves in Yellowstone National Park help to control herbivores, they are considered (BLANK)
keystone species
43
When 2 species interact, and one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed, it is called
commensalism
44
This category of species disrupts the biodiversity of an ecosystem?
invasive
45
The environment is the sum of (BLANK)
biotic and abiotic elements that surround and influence an organism
46
What is the largest ecosystem?
biosphere
47
Define biotic
all organisms: plants, animals, microbes in soil
48
define abiotic
temperature precipitation (moisture), sunlight, wind, soil type/nutrients, and occurrence of disturbances
49
Natural disturbance examples are?
fires, floods, avalanches, rockslides
50
Human caused disturbances examples are?
1. agriculture
2. pollution
3. acid rain
4. deforestation
5. overfishing
6. oil spills
7. dumping
51
What is equilibrium?
a dynamic state of an ecosystem in which biodiversity remain somewhat constant
52
What is resistance
ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances
53
What is resilience
speed which the ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed
54
What are the 4 trophic levels in the diagram
1. Produces
2. Primary consumers
3. Secondary consumers
4. Tertiary consumers
55
Where does the lowest trophic level get energy from
sun
56
Omnivores eat what? examples>
eat plants and animals (Ex. raccoons, bears, and humans)
57
What is the energy last as, as it transfers between trophic levels
heat
58
The final link in the food chain is the (BLANK). WHat do they do?
decomposers breakdown organic materials into forms that can be reassimilated by producers
59
Concentration of some toxic substances as you go up the trophic levels is called what?
biomagnification
60
How much energy flows to the next trophic level
about 10%
61
The elements needed for living organisms are recycled between living organisms and their non-living environment. These cycles are?
Biogeochemical
62
Thye tilt of the earth is responsible for how the sun's rays heat the earth. This influences (BLANK)
climate
63
Why is it cooler in the winter in the North
low density of incident rays
64
Why is it warmer in the summer in the north
high density of incident rays
65
Is the tropical rain forest wet or dry
wet
66
what plant types/growth are in the tropical rain forests
year-round plant growth
67
Tropical rain forest: hot or cold
hot
68
Which biomes do we live in here in Connecticut?
grasslands
69
Are savannas wet or dry
wet
70
savannas plant type/growth
grasses with scattered trees
71
Savannas: hot or cold
hot
72
Deserts: wet or fry
dry
73
Desert: plant type/growth
Desert plants have reduced foliage, drought-resistant seeds, and adaptations to conserve water (Deep roots, water storing stems)
74
Desert: Hot or cold
hot days cold nights
75
Chaparral: wet or dry
wet
76
Chaparral: plant types/ growth
short shrubs
77
Chaparral: hot or cold
Hot dry summers and wet cool winters
78
Grasslands: wet or dry
dry
79
Grasslands: hot or cold
hot summers cold winters
80
Temperate Deciduous Forest: wet or dry
wet
81
Temperate Deciduous Forest: hot or cold
Summers are warm & winters are relatively cold
82
Boreal Forest: wet or dry
wet
83
Boreal Forest:plant types or growth
conifers (spruce, pine, fur)
84
Boreal Forest: hot or cold
cold
85
Tundra: hot or cold
severely cold
86
Tundra: wet or dry
dry
87
Aquatic/ marine environment represents what amount of the earth's biosphere?
a largest portion
88
Which term describes the process whereby toxic substances increase as you go up trophic levels?
biomagnification
89
The majority of the water on Earth is found as:
salt water
90
humans are
omnivores
91
Which of the following biomes is severely cold, treeless and has permafrost
tundra
92
Which of the following biomes is characterized by abundant water resources and year-round growth?
tropical rain forest
93
Measures of biodiversity at several levels of biological organizations including which groups?
1. genes
2. species
3. populations
4. ecosystems
94
Genetic diversity (or variation) is the raw material for what?
adaptation
95
What group has highly restricted distributions, are particularly vulnerable to extinction?
endemics
96
Biodiversity in almost every taxonomic group of organisms (BLANK) closer to the (BLANK) and (BLANK) toward the (BLANK)
increases, equator, declines, poles
97
(BLANK) and (BLANK) are particularly vulnerable to (BLANK) threats from introduced species?
Lakes, Islands, extinction
98
Biodiversity is important to humans. Give three examples
1. potential uses for chemicals from species (medications
2. Agriculture
3. Ecosystem service
4. Wild food sources
99
The three biggest threats to biodiversity are
1. Habitat loss
2. overharvesting
3. introduction of exotic species
100
What is the biggest threat to biodiversity
human population growth
101
Wild fish populations are under threat from
overharvesting
102
Who relies on fish for protein
humans
103
This is known as (BLANK) because no-one owns the fishery
tragedy of the commons
104
What treaty no longer allows exotic pets (parrots, turtles, orangutangs etc.) to be
imported from other countries?
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
105
At-risk species are listed, protect a management plan created for recovery to
sustainable number under which Act in the U.S.?
Endangered Species Act
106
This Act from 1918 protects all feathers, nest, and eggs from harm or disturbance for
species like piping plovers, northern cardinals, hawks, vultures?
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
107
What Agreement focuses on climate change with a goal of limiting average
temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius or less?
Paris Agreement
108
How has climate change effected Connecticut?
1. 2 degrees F rise in average temperature
2. Average sea level has risen 6-8 inches since 1960’s
109
What is the best way to preserve the most species beyond laws and treaties?
Establishment of wildlife and ecosystem preserve ( the larger the better)
110
What is the Yellowstone experiment?
suggested that restoring a keystone species effectively can have the effect of restoring biodiversity in the community
111
What is the biggest impact zoos have on conservation of species beyond captive
breeding?
education
