BIO Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What does a haploid mean?
A
a single set of unpaired chromosomes
2
Q
What type of cells are haploid?
A
sperm and eggs cells
3
Q
What are the functions of haploid cells?
A
reproductive purposes
4
Q
If a cell is haploid explain the number of chromosomes and what this means.
A
23 chromosomes it has one copy of each chromosome.
5
Q
What does diploid mean?
A
a somatic cells with 46 chromosomes (half from mom and half from dad)
6
Q
What type of cells are diploid?
A
Somatic (body) cells
7
Q
If a cell is diploid explain the number of chromosomes and what it means?
A
46 chromosomes, somatic
8
Q
Where are genes found?
A
at the locus
9
Q
What is an allele?
A
a matching gene (copy) you inherit from both of your parents
10
Q
Do you have more than one allele?
A
yes, their are two copies of every gene
11
Q
What happens during mitosis?
A
cells divide
12
Q
What does PMAT stand for?
A
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
13
Q
What happens during prophase?
A
- chromosomes condense and become more visible
- spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
- nuclear envelop breaks down
- Centrosomes move toward opposite poles
14
Q
What happens during metaphase?
A
- Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
- Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.
15
Q
What happens during anaphase?
A
- centromes spilt into two
- Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
- Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
16
Q
What happens during telophase?
A
- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
- Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
- The mitotic spindle breaks down
- Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart.
17
Q
What is cytokinesis? What happens?
A
when the cells spilt apart (the split of the cytoplasm)
18
Q
Interphase is divided up into G1, S and G2 explain what happens in each stage.
A
G1 is the cell growth stage
S is the DNA synthesis
G2 is the second cell growth stage
19
Q
Why are checkpoints important?
A
it ensures that the process is going smoothly and will halt the process if there’s a problem in cell growth and development
20
Q
After a new cell is born can it stay in interphase for the rest of its useful life?
A
yes?
21
Q
What is Apoptosis?
A
some cells are programmed (by genes) to self-destruct once they have fulfilled there specific function.
22
Q
What happens during meiosis?
A
a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
23
Q
What special cells are produced during meiosis?
A
gamete cells
24
Q
What are the phases of meiosis?
A
PMAT twice
25
Mitosis vs Meiosis
division of body cells (happens once) vs division of reproductive cell (happens twice)
26
How is crossing over important for genetic diversity?
It protects us from pathogens. They crossover so we aren't so identical.
27
In what phase of meiosis does crossing over happen?
prometaphase 1
28
Parents must (BLANK) a new generation of cells or multicellular individuals like themselves
produce
29
Parent cells must provide their (BLANK) with hereditary instructions (DNA) and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation
daughter cells
30
Gregor Mendel known as the father of genetics studied what plant?
pea plant
31
If both alleles are the same
homozygous (YY or yy)
32
If the alleles are different
heterozygous (Yy)
33
Alleles can be (BLANK) (occur more frequently in population) or (BLANK) (occur less frequently in population)
dominant or recessive
34
(BLANK) shows how the genotypes of two parents can be "crossed" to predict the probability that the offspring will have a particular trait
Punnett Square
35
What is incomplete dominance?
the dominant allele is not completely expressed when the recessive allele is around. (snapdragons)
36
What is codominance?
The alleles work together so both traits show up (speckled chicken)
37
How does the long strand of DNA fit into a cell?
DNA is coiled into chrormosomes
38
Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?
one of the strands of DNA in each of the two copies of DNA is ancient and conserved while the other is newly produced at the moment of replication.
39
What is copied to make a new strand of DNA?
double-stranded DNA
40
Are mutations always lethal?
No, most are harmless
41
What can be the cause of mutations?
radiation and chemicals
42
DNA codes for nucleotides, what are the letter codes?
A, C, T, G
43
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
44
mRNA
provides the template for the protein synthesis during translation
45
tRNA
brings amino acids and reads the genetic code during translation
46
rRNA
plays a structural and catalytic role during translation
47
PCR polymerase chain reaction is a tool used on DNA sample for what purposes?
1. Identify the owner of a DNA sample left at a crime scene
2. The comparison of small amounts of ancient DNA with modern organisms (Covid-19)
3. Determining the sequence of nucleotides in a specific region
48
Polymerase is an (BLANK) that replicates DNA?
enzyme
49
DNA is inserted into a __________. This organism can then reproduce many copies.
plasmid
50
The first cloned animal was?
Dolly
51
An electric shock was used to fuse the (BLANK) (with the DNA inside) and the donor cell.
enucleated egg
52
Why don’t we see hundreds of coned animals in a farmyard?
process has a low success rate
53
A (BLANK) is used to introduce DNA or protein into the patient.
Vector
54
Genetic engineering modifies what to achieve desirable traits?
DNA
55
Name one GMO animal?
chicken
56
Metagenomics
involves isolating DNA from multiple species within an environmental niche.
57
(BLANK) found in ancient rock led many scientist to believe the idea that species changed over time
Fossils
58
Darwin and Wallace developed the theory of what?
natural selection
59
Characteristics are (BLANK)
inherited
60
More offspring are produced than (BLANK)
can survive
61
Offspring are different from each other due (BLANK)
inherited traits
62
The 3 Principles that operate in nature are:
1. Characteristics are inherited- passes from parent to offspring
2. More offspring are produced that can survive
3. Offspring are different from each other due to inherited traits
63
Traits of the (BLANK) are passed on to the (BLANK)
survivors, next generation
64
Some offspring are best equipped to (BLANK)
survive
65
Two main sources of genetic diversity are?
mutation and sexual reproduction
66
A trait is inherited and that aids the organisms (BLANK)?
survival in the enviornment
67
Environmental conditions can change favoring (BLANK)?
one trait over another
68
Divergent Evolution
two species evolve in a different direction from a common point
69
Convergent Evolution
structures that are similar in function and appearance arise through evolution independently.
70
All the (BLANK) in the population are studied
alleles
71
Alleles that are (BLANK) for survival & (BLANK) are passed on to the next generation
beneficial, reproduction
72
What are the four evolutionary resources
1. Natural selection
2. Mutation
3. Genetic drift
4. Migration
73
Which of the four evolutionary forces can be "good" or "bad" or "neutral"?
Mutation
74
What is the bottleneck effect?
an extreme example of genetic drift is when events like natural disasters severely reduce the size of the population.
75
Which of the four evolutionary forces can introduce alleles to a new population where those alleles are rare?
Migration
76
Anatomy that descended from a common ancestor are known as (BLANK) structures
Homologous
77
Anatomy that shares a similar function and appearance but do not share a common ancestor are known as (BLANK) structures
analogous
78
(BLANK) speciation the species are geographically isolated and reproductively isolated
Allopatric
79
(BLANK) isolation the species are still in the same location and have evolved different features to utilize different resources.
sympatric
80
Factors that have altered evolutionary patterns cause (BLANK) to happen. (think dinosaurs)
mass extinction, conteniental drift, and ice ages
81
Mass extinction
Usually geologic activities or events from space (ie. volcanic activities or asteroid collisions)
82
Asteroid Collisions
impact caused the cretaceous mass extinction
83
Continental Drift
plate tectonics
84
Plate tectonics
positions of earth's continental land masses are changeable
85
Ice Ages
1. Reduces atmospheric temperatures and decreases sea level
2. Glaciation
3. Exposed land bridges
86
Glaciation
glaciers cover large portions of the land masses
87
Theory
a concept that has been rigorously tested and supported over time
88
Theory of Evolution
1. Theory
2. Understood as fact
3. Not just a guess or suggestion
89
Most multicellular eukaryotic organisms have?
1. Specialized tissue
2. Motile
3. Reproduce sexually
90
Heterotrophic
must ingest preformed organic matter (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites)
91
Tissues
a group of cells that work together to perform a function
92
Asymmetry
lack symmetry (sponges)
93
Radial symmetry
can bisect the animal through any of several different planes and have mirror-image halves (sea anemone)
94
Bilateral symmetry
can be bisected through only one plane- cut from front to back to have mirror-image right and left sides
95
Animals that have bilateral symmetry also have?
head, tail, back and underside
96
Porifera: Sponges
1. All aquatic (most marine)
2. Filter feeders
3. Lack true tissue
97
Filter feeders
water moves through their bodies
1. food is ingested by phagocytosis
2. Sessile
98
Cnidaria
1. Aquatic, radial symmetry
2. Polyps (stationary), Medusa (free-floating)
3. Carnivorous (stinging cells)
4. Tissue level of organization
5. Specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes) contain organelles called nematocysts
99
Platyhelminthes
1. Bilateral symmetry
2. organ level of organization
3. some are parasitic some are free-living
4. Beginning of cephalization (concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
100
Representative species of cnidaria
Portuguese man of war, sea anemones, coral polyp
101
Representative species of Platyhelminthes
planaria, flatworms
102
Representative species of Nematoda
hookworms, pinworms, heartworms
103
Nematoda
1. Bilateral symmetry
2. organ level of organization
3. Beginning of cephalization (Concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
4. live almost everywhere
5. complete digestive tract
104
Representative species of Annelida
polychaetes, leeches, earthworms
105
Annelida
1. Bilateral symmetry
2. organ level of organization
3. Beginning of cephalization (Concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
4. segmented worms
5. freshwater, terrestrial, and marine
6. head, a segmented body, and terminal portion
7. hydrostatics skeleton (fluid-filled body for structure)
106
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) can be found where?
They can be found in all environments from deep oceans to high elevations and tropics to polar regions
107
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) includes
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes and insects
108
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) have/are ?
1. Joined legs
2. carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores
3. segmentation of the body (head, thorax & abdomen or cephalothorax & abdomen
4. Exoskeleton of chitin (cuticle) composed of protein and a tough polysaccharide
109
What are the 5 subphyla?
1. Trilobitomorpha
2. Myriapoda
3. Chelicerata
4. Crustacea
5. Hexapoda
110
What happened to the trilobitomorpha (trilobites)
all extinct
111
Myriapoda
many footed: millipedes and centipedes
112
An example of a Chelicerata are?
Arachnids: horseshoe crab, spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
113
Chelicerata have . . ?
1. 4 pairs of walking legs
2. Cephalothorax and abdomen
3. Chelicerae & pedipalps- used for feeding
114
Crustacea can be . . .?
carnivores, detritivores or filter feeders
115
What are some examples of Crustacea?
lobster, crayfish, shrimp and crabs
116
Hexapoda usually have . . .?
2 pairs of wings and three pairs of legs
117
What are some examples of Hexapoda?
insects bees, butterflies, flies, ants, cockroaches, grasshoppers and others.
118
What are the three classes of phylum Mollusca?
Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Bivalvia
119
What are some characteristics of phylum Mollusca?
1. soft body
2. mostly marine (also freshwater and terrestrial)
3. predators, herbivores, parasites, filter feeders
4. ventral muscular foot
5. visceral mass
6. dorsal mantle
7. Many secrete a shell of calcium carbonate
8. Gils
9. Many have a radula (scrapping structure that is part of the mouth)
120
Gastropoda means
stomach foot (snails, slugs, whelks)
121
Gastropoda have/are . . ?
1. shells/reduced shells
2. asymmetrical
3. foot modified for crawling
4. runs along its belly
5. head with tentacles that support eyes in many
6. Radula- scrapes food particles from the substrate
122
Cephalopoda means. . ?
head foot (octopuses, cuttlefish, squids, and nautilus)
123
Cephalopoda have are. . . ?
1. shells/ reduced shells
2. head has mouth with radula and sensory organs
3. tentacles derived from the foot
4. squid and octopuses (vivid coloration/color change)
5. ink to help them escape
6. predators w/ beak-like jaws
7. well developed nervous system
8. closed circulatory system
124
Bivalvia means . . .?
two shells (oysters, clams, mussels, scallops)
125
Bivalvia characteristics. . .?
1. a pair of hinged shells
2. Marine and freshwater habitats
3. filter feeders
4. radula absent (some have 2 siphons and pass water over their gills)
5. Food passed along a groove to the mouth
6. Nacre "mother of pearl"
126
Representative species of echinoderms
sea star, brittle star, sea urchin, sea lilies, and sea cucumbers
127
Echinoderms characteristics?
1. Marine
2. 5-part radial symmetry with several arms radiated from a central body
3. distinct water vascular system using tube feet (open to the outside, so very sensitive to changes in water chemistry)
4. reproduce sexually
5. regenerate body parts
128
Chordate characteristics?
1. Share four key features
2. a notochord
3. a dorsal hollow nerve cord
4. pharyngeal slits
5. a post-anal tail
129
invertebrate chordates
tunicate, lancelets
130
What are the major classes of vertebrates?
1. Fish
2. Amphibians
3. reptiles
4. birds
5. Mammals
131
What are the 3 major types of fish?
Jawless, cartilaginous, Bony
132
Fish
1. ectothermic
2. FIns and gills
3. Streamlined body
4. Marine or freshwater
133
Jawless Fish
hagfish and lamprey
134
Cartilaginous Fish
well-developed sense organs for locating prey
135
Do sharks and rays have a sense of smell?
yes
136
What is the ampullae of Lorenzini used for what does it do for them?
allows sharks to detect the electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things
137
What is the lateral line, and how does it help them?
a sense organ that detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water
138
Bony fish are. . . ?
guppy, carp, catfish, trout. swordfish, salmon, sea horses, pipe fish
139
Bony fish are often covered in overlapping structures called (BLANK)?
cycloid scales
140
How do bony fish locate prey?
with eyesight
141
What is the swim bladder of the bony fish used for?
a gas-filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy
142
Are amphibians ectothermic or endothermic?
ectothermic
143
Endotherms can (BLANK)?
generate their own heat
144
Ectotherms are nearly (BLNAK)?
the same temp as their environment
145
What is metamorphosis?
amphibian life cycle where frogs go from a tadpole to an adult
146
What are the stages of metamorphosis?
1. tadpole
2. juvenile
3. adult
147
Why are amphibians vulnerable to environmental toxins?
their moist skin allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange with the environment (cutaneous respiration)
148
How do amphibians breathe? What are the two methods?
Through their skin or gills
149
What are the two ways frogs and toads protect themselves from predators?
Avoid predators by skin that acts as camouflage and defensive chemicals that are poisonous to predators secreted from glands in the skin.
150
Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic?
Ectothermic
151
How do reptiles maintain body temperature?
Slow metabolism
* must bask to maintain body temperature
152
What type of skin do reptiles have/ what is it covered with?
Dry skin covered with scales or bony plates
153
Do reptiles have live young or lay eggs?
usually lay soft-shelled eggs
154
Are birds endothermic or ectothermic?
endothermic
155
Aside from their feet and legs what are birds covered with?
feathers
156
Do birds jaws have teeth?
no
157
How Many young do mammals have (typically)?
one per pregnancy
158
How are birds bones special?
They are hollow and birds use the to breathe.
159
Are mammals endothermic or ectothermic?
endothermic
160
What do mammal have on their body?
hair
161
How do mammals feed their young?
Mammary glands to feed young
162
What is special about a mammal's jaw?
its hinged
163
What is unique about Monotremes?
possesses a leathery beak and lays eggs rather than giving birth to live young
164
Besides Australia where else can you find a marsupial? What is it called?
the Virginia possum
165
Primates What are the three main features for climbing?
1) a rotating shoulder joint
2) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs that are widely
separated from fingers (except humans), which allow for gripping branches, and
3) stereoscopic vision, two overlapping visual fields, which allows for the depth
perception necessary to gauge distance.
166
What is unique about Eutherian mammals brains?
brains that are larger than those of many other mammal
167
Do Eutherian mammals have special claws
claws that have been modified into flattened nails,
