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Biology 100 > BIO Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a haploid mean?

A

a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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2
Q

What type of cells are haploid?

A

sperm and eggs cells

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3
Q

What are the functions of haploid cells?

A

reproductive purposes

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4
Q

If a cell is haploid explain the number of chromosomes and what this means.

A

23 chromosomes it has one copy of each chromosome.

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5
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

a somatic cells with 46 chromosomes (half from mom and half from dad)

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6
Q

What type of cells are diploid?

A

Somatic (body) cells

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7
Q

If a cell is diploid explain the number of chromosomes and what it means?

A

46 chromosomes, somatic

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8
Q

Where are genes found?

A

at the locus

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9
Q

What is an allele?

A

a matching gene (copy) you inherit from both of your parents

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10
Q

Do you have more than one allele?

A

yes, their are two copies of every gene

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11
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

cells divide

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12
Q

What does PMAT stand for?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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13
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  1. chromosomes condense and become more visible
  2. spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
  3. nuclear envelop breaks down
  4. Centrosomes move toward opposite poles
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14
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
  2. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.
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15
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  1. centromes spilt into two
  2. Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
  3. Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
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16
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
  2. Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
  3. The mitotic spindle breaks down
  4. Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart.
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17
Q

What is cytokinesis? What happens?

A

when the cells spilt apart (the split of the cytoplasm)

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18
Q

Interphase is divided up into G1, S and G2 explain what happens in each stage.

A

G1 is the cell growth stage
S is the DNA synthesis
G2 is the second cell growth stage

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19
Q

Why are checkpoints important?

A

it ensures that the process is going smoothly and will halt the process if there’s a problem in cell growth and development

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20
Q

After a new cell is born can it stay in interphase for the rest of its useful life?

A

yes?

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21
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

some cells are programmed (by genes) to self-destruct once they have fulfilled there specific function.

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22
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information

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23
Q

What special cells are produced during meiosis?

A

gamete cells

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24
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

PMAT twice

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25
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

division of body cells (happens once) vs division of reproductive cell (happens twice)

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26
Q

How is crossing over important for genetic diversity?

A

It protects us from pathogens. They crossover so we aren’t so identical.

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27
Q

In what phase of meiosis does crossing over happen?

A

prometaphase 1

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28
Q

Parents must (BLANK) a new generation of cells or multicellular individuals like themselves

A

produce

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29
Q

Parent cells must provide their (BLANK) with hereditary instructions (DNA) and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation

A

daughter cells

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30
Q

Gregor Mendel known as the father of genetics studied what plant?

A

pea plant

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31
Q

If both alleles are the same

A

homozygous (YY or yy)

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32
Q

If the alleles are different

A

heterozygous (Yy)

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33
Q

Alleles can be (BLANK) (occur more frequently in population) or (BLANK) (occur less frequently in population)

A

dominant or recessive

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34
Q

(BLANK) shows how the genotypes of two parents can be “crossed” to predict the probability that the offspring will have a particular trait

A

Punnett Square

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35
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

the dominant allele is not completely expressed when the recessive allele is around. (snapdragons)

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36
Q

What is codominance?

A

The alleles work together so both traits show up (speckled chicken)

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37
Q

How does the long strand of DNA fit into a cell?

A

DNA is coiled into chrormosomes

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38
Q

Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?

A

one of the strands of DNA in each of the two copies of DNA is ancient and conserved while the other is newly produced at the moment of replication.

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39
Q

What is copied to make a new strand of DNA?

A

double-stranded DNA

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40
Q

Are mutations always lethal?

A

No, most are harmless

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41
Q

What can be the cause of mutations?

A

radiation and chemicals

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42
Q

DNA codes for nucleotides, what are the letter codes?

A

A, C, T, G

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43
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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44
Q

mRNA

A

provides the template for the protein synthesis during translation

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45
Q

tRNA

A

brings amino acids and reads the genetic code during translation

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46
Q

rRNA

A

plays a structural and catalytic role during translation

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47
Q

PCR polymerase chain reaction is a tool used on DNA sample for what purposes?

A
  1. Identify the owner of a DNA sample left at a crime scene
  2. The comparison of small amounts of ancient DNA with modern organisms (Covid-19)
  3. Determining the sequence of nucleotides in a specific region
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48
Q

Polymerase is an (BLANK) that replicates DNA?

A

enzyme

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49
Q

DNA is inserted into a __________. This organism can then reproduce many copies.

A

plasmid

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50
Q

The first cloned animal was?

A

Dolly

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51
Q

An electric shock was used to fuse the (BLANK) (with the DNA inside) and the donor cell.

A

enucleated egg

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52
Q

Why don’t we see hundreds of coned animals in a farmyard?

A

process has a low success rate

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53
Q

A (BLANK) is used to introduce DNA or protein into the patient.

A

Vector

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54
Q

Genetic engineering modifies what to achieve desirable traits?

A

DNA

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55
Q

Name one GMO animal?

A

chicken

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56
Q

Metagenomics

A

involves isolating DNA from multiple species within an environmental niche.

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57
Q

(BLANK) found in ancient rock led many scientist to believe the idea that species changed over time

A

Fossils

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58
Q

Darwin and Wallace developed the theory of what?

A

natural selection

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59
Q

Characteristics are (BLANK)

A

inherited

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60
Q

More offspring are produced than (BLANK)

A

can survive

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61
Q

Offspring are different from each other due (BLANK)

A

inherited traits

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62
Q

The 3 Principles that operate in nature are:

A
  1. Characteristics are inherited- passes from parent to offspring
  2. More offspring are produced that can survive
  3. Offspring are different from each other due to inherited traits
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63
Q

Traits of the (BLANK) are passed on to the (BLANK)

A

survivors, next generation

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64
Q

Some offspring are best equipped to (BLANK)

A

survive

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65
Q

Two main sources of genetic diversity are?

A

mutation and sexual reproduction

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66
Q

A trait is inherited and that aids the organisms (BLANK)?

A

survival in the enviornment

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67
Q

Environmental conditions can change favoring (BLANK)?

A

one trait over another

68
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

two species evolve in a different direction from a common point

69
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

structures that are similar in function and appearance arise through evolution independently.

70
Q

All the (BLANK) in the population are studied

A

alleles

71
Q

Alleles that are (BLANK) for survival & (BLANK) are passed on to the next generation

A

beneficial, reproduction

72
Q

What are the four evolutionary resources

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic drift
  4. Migration
73
Q

Which of the four evolutionary forces can be “good” or “bad” or “neutral”?

A

Mutation

74
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

an extreme example of genetic drift is when events like natural disasters severely reduce the size of the population.

75
Q

Which of the four evolutionary forces can introduce alleles to a new population where those alleles are rare?

A

Migration

76
Q

Anatomy that descended from a common ancestor are known as (BLANK) structures

A

Homologous

77
Q

Anatomy that shares a similar function and appearance but do not share a common ancestor are known as (BLANK) structures

A

analogous

78
Q

(BLANK) speciation the species are geographically isolated and reproductively isolated

A

Allopatric

79
Q

(BLANK) isolation the species are still in the same location and have evolved different features to utilize different resources.

A

sympatric

80
Q

Factors that have altered evolutionary patterns cause (BLANK) to happen. (think dinosaurs)

A

mass extinction, conteniental drift, and ice ages

81
Q

Mass extinction

A

Usually geologic activities or events from space (ie. volcanic activities or asteroid collisions)

82
Q

Asteroid Collisions

A

impact caused the cretaceous mass extinction

83
Q

Continental Drift

A

plate tectonics

84
Q

Plate tectonics

A

positions of earth’s continental land masses are changeable

85
Q

Ice Ages

A
  1. Reduces atmospheric temperatures and decreases sea level
  2. Glaciation
  3. Exposed land bridges
86
Q

Glaciation

A

glaciers cover large portions of the land masses

87
Q

Theory

A

a concept that has been rigorously tested and supported over time

88
Q

Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Theory
  2. Understood as fact
  3. Not just a guess or suggestion
89
Q

Most multicellular eukaryotic organisms have?

A
  1. Specialized tissue
  2. Motile
  3. Reproduce sexually
90
Q

Heterotrophic

A

must ingest preformed organic matter (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites)

91
Q

Tissues

A

a group of cells that work together to perform a function

92
Q

Asymmetry

A

lack symmetry (sponges)

93
Q

Radial symmetry

A

can bisect the animal through any of several different planes and have mirror-image halves (sea anemone)

94
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

can be bisected through only one plane- cut from front to back to have mirror-image right and left sides

95
Q

Animals that have bilateral symmetry also have?

A

head, tail, back and underside

96
Q

Porifera: Sponges

A
  1. All aquatic (most marine)
  2. Filter feeders
  3. Lack true tissue
97
Q

Filter feeders

A

water moves through their bodies
1. food is ingested by phagocytosis
2. Sessile

98
Q

Cnidaria

A
  1. Aquatic, radial symmetry
  2. Polyps (stationary), Medusa (free-floating)
  3. Carnivorous (stinging cells)
  4. Tissue level of organization
  5. Specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes) contain organelles called nematocysts
99
Q

Platyhelminthes

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. organ level of organization
  3. some are parasitic some are free-living
  4. Beginning of cephalization (concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
100
Q

Representative species of cnidaria

A

Portuguese man of war, sea anemones, coral polyp

101
Q

Representative species of Platyhelminthes

A

planaria, flatworms

102
Q

Representative species of Nematoda

A

hookworms, pinworms, heartworms

103
Q

Nematoda

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. organ level of organization
  3. Beginning of cephalization (Concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
  4. live almost everywhere
  5. complete digestive tract
104
Q

Representative species of Annelida

A

polychaetes, leeches, earthworms

105
Q

Annelida

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. organ level of organization
  3. Beginning of cephalization (Concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs in the head)
  4. segmented worms
  5. freshwater, terrestrial, and marine
  6. head, a segmented body, and terminal portion
  7. hydrostatics skeleton (fluid-filled body for structure)
106
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) can be found where?

A

They can be found in all environments from deep oceans to high elevations and tropics to polar regions

107
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) includes

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes and insects

108
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) have/are ?

A
  1. Joined legs
  2. carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores
  3. segmentation of the body (head, thorax & abdomen or cephalothorax & abdomen
  4. Exoskeleton of chitin (cuticle) composed of protein and a tough polysaccharide
109
Q

What are the 5 subphyla?

A
  1. Trilobitomorpha
  2. Myriapoda
  3. Chelicerata
  4. Crustacea
  5. Hexapoda
110
Q

What happened to the trilobitomorpha (trilobites)

A

all extinct

111
Q

Myriapoda

A

many footed: millipedes and centipedes

112
Q

An example of a Chelicerata are?

A

Arachnids: horseshoe crab, spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

113
Q

Chelicerata have . . ?

A
  1. 4 pairs of walking legs
  2. Cephalothorax and abdomen
  3. Chelicerae & pedipalps- used for feeding
114
Q

Crustacea can be . . .?

A

carnivores, detritivores or filter feeders

115
Q

What are some examples of Crustacea?

A

lobster, crayfish, shrimp and crabs

116
Q

Hexapoda usually have . . .?

A

2 pairs of wings and three pairs of legs

117
Q

What are some examples of Hexapoda?

A

insects bees, butterflies, flies, ants, cockroaches, grasshoppers and others.

118
Q

What are the three classes of phylum Mollusca?

A

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Bivalvia

119
Q

What are some characteristics of phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. soft body
  2. mostly marine (also freshwater and terrestrial)
  3. predators, herbivores, parasites, filter feeders
  4. ventral muscular foot
  5. visceral mass
  6. dorsal mantle
  7. Many secrete a shell of calcium carbonate
  8. Gils
  9. Many have a radula (scrapping structure that is part of the mouth)
120
Q

Gastropoda means

A

stomach foot (snails, slugs, whelks)

121
Q

Gastropoda have/are . . ?

A
  1. shells/reduced shells
  2. asymmetrical
  3. foot modified for crawling
  4. runs along its belly
  5. head with tentacles that support eyes in many
  6. Radula- scrapes food particles from the substrate
122
Q

Cephalopoda means. . ?

A

head foot (octopuses, cuttlefish, squids, and nautilus)

123
Q

Cephalopoda have are. . . ?

A
  1. shells/ reduced shells
  2. head has mouth with radula and sensory organs
  3. tentacles derived from the foot
  4. squid and octopuses (vivid coloration/color change)
  5. ink to help them escape
  6. predators w/ beak-like jaws
  7. well developed nervous system
  8. closed circulatory system
124
Q

Bivalvia means . . .?

A

two shells (oysters, clams, mussels, scallops)

125
Q

Bivalvia characteristics. . .?

A
  1. a pair of hinged shells
  2. Marine and freshwater habitats
  3. filter feeders
  4. radula absent (some have 2 siphons and pass water over their gills)
  5. Food passed along a groove to the mouth
  6. Nacre “mother of pearl”
126
Q

Representative species of echinoderms

A

sea star, brittle star, sea urchin, sea lilies, and sea cucumbers

127
Q

Echinoderms characteristics?

A
  1. Marine
  2. 5-part radial symmetry with several arms radiated from a central body
  3. distinct water vascular system using tube feet (open to the outside, so very sensitive to changes in water chemistry)
  4. reproduce sexually
  5. regenerate body parts
128
Q

Chordate characteristics?

A
  1. Share four key features
  2. a notochord
  3. a dorsal hollow nerve cord
  4. pharyngeal slits
  5. a post-anal tail
129
Q

invertebrate chordates

A

tunicate, lancelets

130
Q

What are the major classes of vertebrates?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. reptiles
  4. birds
  5. Mammals
131
Q

What are the 3 major types of fish?

A

Jawless, cartilaginous, Bony

132
Q

Fish

A
  1. ectothermic
  2. FIns and gills
  3. Streamlined body
  4. Marine or freshwater
133
Q

Jawless Fish

A

hagfish and lamprey

134
Q

Cartilaginous Fish

A

well-developed sense organs for locating prey

135
Q

Do sharks and rays have a sense of smell?

A

yes

136
Q

What is the ampullae of Lorenzini used for what does it do for them?

A

allows sharks to detect the electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things

137
Q

What is the lateral line, and how does it help them?

A

a sense organ that detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water

138
Q

Bony fish are. . . ?

A

guppy, carp, catfish, trout. swordfish, salmon, sea horses, pipe fish

139
Q

Bony fish are often covered in overlapping structures called (BLANK)?

A

cycloid scales

140
Q

How do bony fish locate prey?

A

with eyesight

141
Q

What is the swim bladder of the bony fish used for?

A

a gas-filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy

142
Q

Are amphibians ectothermic or endothermic?

A

ectothermic

143
Q

Endotherms can (BLANK)?

A

generate their own heat

144
Q

Ectotherms are nearly (BLNAK)?

A

the same temp as their environment

145
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

amphibian life cycle where frogs go from a tadpole to an adult

146
Q

What are the stages of metamorphosis?

A
  1. tadpole
  2. juvenile
  3. adult
147
Q

Why are amphibians vulnerable to environmental toxins?

A

their moist skin allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange with the environment (cutaneous respiration)

148
Q

How do amphibians breathe? What are the two methods?

A

Through their skin or gills

149
Q

What are the two ways frogs and toads protect themselves from predators?

A

Avoid predators by skin that acts as camouflage and defensive chemicals that are poisonous to predators secreted from glands in the skin.

150
Q

Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic?

A

Ectothermic

151
Q

How do reptiles maintain body temperature?

A

Slow metabolism
* must bask to maintain body temperature

152
Q

What type of skin do reptiles have/ what is it covered with?

A

Dry skin covered with scales or bony plates

153
Q

Do reptiles have live young or lay eggs?

A

usually lay soft-shelled eggs

154
Q

Are birds endothermic or ectothermic?

A

endothermic

155
Q

Aside from their feet and legs what are birds covered with?

A

feathers

156
Q

Do birds jaws have teeth?

A

no

157
Q

How Many young do mammals have (typically)?

A

one per pregnancy

158
Q

How are birds bones special?

A

They are hollow and birds use the to breathe.

159
Q

Are mammals endothermic or ectothermic?

A

endothermic

160
Q

What do mammal have on their body?

A

hair

161
Q

How do mammals feed their young?

A

Mammary glands to feed young

162
Q

What is special about a mammal’s jaw?

A

its hinged

163
Q

What is unique about Monotremes?

A

possesses a leathery beak and lays eggs rather than giving birth to live young

164
Q

Besides Australia where else can you find a marsupial? What is it called?

A

the Virginia possum

165
Q

Primates What are the three main features for climbing?

A

1) a rotating shoulder joint
2) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs that are widely
separated from fingers (except humans), which allow for gripping branches, and
3) stereoscopic vision, two overlapping visual fields, which allows for the depth
perception necessary to gauge distance.

166
Q

What is unique about Eutherian mammals brains?

A

brains that are larger than those of many other mammal

167
Q

Do Eutherian mammals have special claws

A

claws that have been modified into flattened nails,

Biology 100 (4 decks)

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