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BIO Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the eight properties of life?

A
  1. Order
  2. Response to stimuli
  3. Reproduction
    4.Adaptation
  4. Growth and development
  5. Regulation
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Energy Processing
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2
Q

Why is adaptation important?

A

This ensures that animals best suited to the enviornment reproduce and pass on their DNA.

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3
Q

Levels of organizarion (smallest to largest)

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Macromolecule
  4. Organelle
  5. Cell
  6. Tissue
  7. Organ
  8. System organism
  9. Community
  10. Population
  11. Biosphere
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4
Q

Largest level of organization

A

biosphere

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5
Q

smallest level of organization

A

atom

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6
Q

What is an example of a stimuli response?

A

Animals adjust their body temperature depending on the weather.

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7
Q

Why do animals reproduce?

A

To ensure the survival of their species. (Organisms must reproduce to pass their genes (DNA) to their offspring)

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8
Q

What is adaption?

A

A consequence of evolution by natural selection animals adapt over generations to their environment.

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9
Q

How do animals grow? (what process)

A

cell division

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10
Q

Regulation

A

System of the body, such as the circulatory system. Ensure that nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water get distributed throughout the body. There are many systems directing and coordinating this regulation.

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The organisms way of maintaining stable internal conditions in response to the changes in the external and internal environment. (Ex. body temp or sugar in the blood)

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12
Q

How is energy processing related to the other properties?

A

For an animals’ body to do anything it requires energy! Energy is how the body takes food and uses it as fuel. This allows the body to move, build, grow, develop, maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli, and reproduce

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13
Q

Who came up with the system of hierarchial taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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14
Q

Catergories of hierarchial taxonomy?

A
  1. Kindgdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
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15
Q

King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
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16
Q

What is the genus and species of humans

A

Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens

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17
Q

Why study chemistry at the beginning of Zoology?

A

Animals are composed of chemicals that underlie and provide for all bodily functions.

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18
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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19
Q

What is all matter composed of?

A

Elements which are made of atoms

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20
Q

What states can matter be in?

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas

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21
Q

What are subatomic particles?

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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22
Q

What is made of subatomic particles?

A

Atoms

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23
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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24
Q

What is a compound?

A

when two or more different atoms bind together

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25
What is a molecule?
when two or more atoms combine chemically (bonds form) of the same element
26
What are the three types of bonds?
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
27
Water is a (BLANK) bond?
covalent
28
ionic bonds . . .
transfer electrons
29
covalent bonds . . .
sharing of electrons
30
organic matter
Contain carbon Large, covalently bonded Carbs, nucleic acids, fats, and proteins
31
inorganic matter
Lack carbon Small, simple molecules Water, salts, acids, bases
32
What are the 6 special properties of water?
1. Hydrogen Bonds 2. Polarity 3. Temperature Stabilizer 4. Cohesion 5. Adhesion 6. Universal Solvent
33
What animal takes advantage of water properties?
Water spider
34
Why does ice float?
As water freezes, it expands and its density decreases.
35
Why can a pin float on water?
Because of cohesion. The weight of the pin pulls it down but the surface tension in the water is holding it up.
36
What kind of compounds are salts?
ionic compounds
37
What happens to salt in water?
It dissolves
38
What is an electrolyte?
A liquid containing free-moving ions which conducts electricity
39
What is an acid?
Its sour and can dissolve metals, proton donors because they release H+ ions, pH less than 7
40
What is a base
bitter, slippery, proton acceptors becuase they accept H+ ions, their pH is greater than 7
41
What does a buffer do?
act to maintain pH stability in the body by binding the extra H+ or OH-
42
What are the four major molecules of life?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
43
Polymers are chains of . . .
monomers
44
How are polymers linked together?
dehydration synthesis
45
How are polymers broken apart?
hydrolysis (hydro=water, lysis= split)
46
dehydration
remove water
47
synthesis
to build
48
What are carbohydrates made of?
Sugars and starches are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
49
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
50
What are lipids?
fats and oil
51
Fats can be classified as. . .
saturated or unsaturated
52
saturated fats
fats that are solid at room temperature
53
unsaturated fats
a fat that is liquid at room temp as found in vegatable oils, nuts, and seeds
54
amino acids are
building blocks of proteins
55
amino acids are joined to form
polypeptides/ protein (polymer)
56
proteins are folded and
are more complex with each folding
57
nucleic acids include what molecules
DNA, RNA, ATP
58
What did James Watson and Francis Crick get the Nobel prize for?
the molecular structure of DNA
59
Why should they have given Rosalind Frankiln some more credit?
It was her X-ray diffraction image that she worked on with her graduate student
60
Genes are made up of what?
DNA
61
What cells do cuttlefish, squid and octopus have that allows them to change color?
chromatophores cells
62
What is the cell theory?
All organiisms are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life
63
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (small and simple) - Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (large and complex) - Both can reproduce and respond to the environment.
64
What do bacteria lack?
nuclei and membrane-bound organelle
65
Bacteria is a . . .
prokaryote
66
Where is DNA located?
nucleus
67
Do prokaryotic cells have DNA?
yes, in the nucleoid
68
What are the three basic parts of a eukaryoti cell?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
69
Where in the eukaryotic cell can you find organelles?
Cytoplasm
70
Where in the eukaryotic cell can you find DNA?
nucleus
71
In a eukaryotic cell the ctyoplasm contains . .
1. Cytosol 2. Organelles 3. Cytoskeleton
72
What are the seven organelles?
1. Mitochondria 2. Ribsosome 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum 4. Golgi Apparatus 5. Lysosomes 6. Peroxisomes 7. Cytoskeleton
73
Mitochondria
Carries out the reactions from the ATP which can be used for cell activities. The organelle is the site of ATP (energy) production. Powerhouse of the cell
74
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
75
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis, these are tiny bead-like globules that can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) or free floating.
76
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
System of tubules that coil and twist in the cytoplasm. They carry substances through the cell (proteins)
77
Golgi Apparatus
It modifies, packages, and directs cellular proteins.
78
Lysosomes
The sacs contain digestive enzymes to break down: - worn our cells parts - Digestive byproducts - Foreign substances
79
Peroxisomes
contain powerful enzymes, but more specifically those that disable free radicals in the cell. (very active in detoxification (liver, kidney))
80
Cytoskeleton
A system of proteins that provide the scaffolding and internal structure of the cell . It determines cell shape, and allows for cell transport and cell movement.
81
Where are proteins made?
ribosomes
82
Which organelle packages proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
83
Which organelle "cleans up" the worn out parts?
lysosomes
84
What is the cytoskeletons functions?
provide the scaffolding and internal structure of the cell
85
What is the function of microvilli?
finger-like projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area (small intestine)
86
What is the function of flagella?
tail-like single extension (sperm)
87
What is the function of Cilia?
move substances along cell surface (trachea)
88
What process is anabolism?
small molecules are built into larger ones. (requires energy)
89
What process is catabolism?
large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. (Energy is released)
90
Chemical energy in an ice cream cone is converted into what kind of energy?
kinetic energy
91
Metabolism
the sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that allow an animal to grow, reproduce and survive. It is influenced by age, height, weight, sex, and genetic factors
92
Which animal has a fast metabolism?
eurasian pygmy shrews
93
Which animal has a slow metabolism?
Three-Toed Sloth
94
Can any substance alter metabolism?
Yes. Caffine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA (reduce urge to eat food)
95
Cellular respiration happens in what organelle?
Mitochondria
96
still water has. . .
potential energy
97
Moving water has what kind of energy?
Kinetic energy
98
Endergonic processes are ones that .. .
require energy
99
example of endergonic process
plants growing, chicken growing in an egg
100
Exergonic processes are ones that. . .
release energy
101
example of an exergonic process
tea bag in water, ball rolling down a hill
102
Enzymes do what to a reaction?
lower the activation energy of the reaction but dont change the free energy of the reaction
103
A substrate fits into the (BLANK) of the enzyme
active site
104
After the reaction what happens to the enzyme?
changes the shape of the active site to either fit or not fit the substrate
105
(BLANK) if an enzyme is how what drug lowers cholesterol levels?
Staints, Tylenol
106
Do feedback loops occur? Is more than one enzyme used? Can inhibition be part of the process?
yes
107
What are the three part of the cytoskeleton?
1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate Filaments 3. Microtubules

Biology 100 (4 decks)

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