Bio Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
maintenance of a stable state within the animals body
2
Q
What does homeostasis regulate?
A
the body?
3
Q
What is the set point (homeostasis)?
A
the best condition for animals’ internal environment
4
Q
What four processes exchange heat with the environment?
A
- Conduction
- Convection
- Evaporation
- Radiation
5
Q
Conduction
A
transfers of heat between the environment and the body surface of the animal
6
Q
Convection
A
the movement of air (or a liquid) over the surface of the body. Contributes to heat loss if the air is cooler than the body or heat gain if the air is warmer.
7
Q
Evaporation
A
the loss of heat from a surface as water molecules escape in the form of gas (useful only to terrestrial animals)
8
Q
Radiation
A
the emission of electromagnetic waves that objects, such as other animals’ body to the sun. Can transfer between objects that are not in direct contact with each other.
9
Q
What is an Endotherm?
A
most birds and mammals obtain their body from internal processes, nearly constant core body temperature
10
Q
What is an Ectotherm?
A
reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates get most of their body heat from the environment, they have low rates of metabolism and are poorly insulated, have to move there bodies to minimize heat/cold stress
11
Q
What are some special adaptations animals have?
A
- Antelope Jackrabbits- huge, thin, vascularized ears that allow for heat exchange
- Bats- brown fat between shoulder blades that produce more heat.
- Penguins- thick, short stiff feathers interlock to trap air forming the equivalent to a divers wet suit.
- Swordfish- active fish maintain core temp. higher than the temp. of the water (muscular contraction give four tries the heat of other fish)
- Hummingbirds- only maintain a high body temp for part of the day
- Ticks- can sense thermal variation, sense warmth of a nearby meal and drop on the vertebrate host
- Naked Mole Rat- no body fur, no insulation, no fat under the skin, cannot regulate body temp.
12
Q
What are the systems (homeostasis/ thermoregulation)
A
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Respiratory
- Circulatory/ Cardiovascular
13
Q
What is osmoregulation?
A
the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.
14
Q
What does osmoregulation balance?
A
salt and water?
15
Q
Excretory system: What do the organs do
A
- Skin- sweat
- Lungs- exhale carbon dioxide
- Urinary System- urine
16
Q
What organs are in the excretory system?
A
- Skin
- Lungs
- Urinary
17
Q
What is nutrition?
A
includes all of those processes by which an animal takes in, digests, absorbs, stores and uses food (nutrients) to meet its metabolic needs.
18
Q
What is digestion?
A
the chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of food into particles that the individual cells of an animal can absorb
19
Q
What is a heterotroph?
A
animals, bacteria and fungi that cannot synthesize many of their own organic molecules must obtain them for other organisms
20
Q
What are the three groups of heterotrophs?
A
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
21
Q
What is extracellular digestion?
A
Larger animals have evolved structures and mechanisms for this type of digestion
a. Enzymatic breakdown of larger pieces of food into molecules
b. usually in a special organ or cavity
c. nutrients pass into body cell lining the gut
d. cells can then carry out metabolism and/or biosynthesis
22
Q
What are continuous feeders? Examples?
A
slow-moving or non-moving animals (ie. clams or mussels)
23
Q
What are discontinuous feeders? Example?
A
tend to achieve, sometimes highly mobile animals, tend to have more digestive specializations, and take in large meals for gradual digestion and storage. (ie. squid)
24
Q
What is ingestion?
A
eating
25
What is peristalsis?
involuntary, sequential muscle movements that move ingested food along in the digestive tract.
26
What is segmentation?
mixing the contents in the small intestine
27
What is secretion?
hormones, enzymes, and chemicals for digestion
28
What is digestion?
large particles are broken down into bloodstream to the cells
29
What is absorption?
usable nutrients passed into bloodstream to the cells
30
What is defecation?
elimination of undigested and unabsorbed waste
31
Where does digestion begin?
the mouth
32
What happens in the stomach?
1. Stores and mixes food coming from the esophagus
2. Secretes enzymes to digest proteins (pepsin)
3. helps to control the rate of food moving into small intestine
4. Highly acidic- kills microorganisms
33
What happens in the small intestine?
1. Most food is digested and absorbed
2. 7-8m in length
3. contains villi that absorb nutrients
a. increased surface area for absorption
34
What happens in the large intestine?
1. Functions to reabsorb water and minerals
2. Formation and storage of feces
3. Bacteria in large intestine
a. degrade organic wastes
b. synthesize vitamin K and small mounts of B vitamins
35
What does the pancreas do?
1. Secretes digestive enzymes
2. Neutralizes acidic food coming from the stomach
3. Excrine (enzyme) and endocrine (hormones)
36
What does the gall bladder do?
1. Stores bile that emulsifies fat
2. Fat is then in tiny droplets that can be absorbed
37
What does the liver do?
1. largest internal organ
2. cells take nutrients from the small intestine and release them into the bloodstream
3. detoxification
4. process bile
38
Which of the following is NOT a regulated homeostasis mechanism?
Vision
39
The heat produced metabolically + heat gained from the environment- heat lost to the environment is
total body temp
40
What are the functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems?
Transport of :
1. Oxygen
2. Nutrients
3. Wastes
4. Hormone
41
How is bee circulation (invertebrate) different from vertebrates?
They have an open circulatory system
42
What is the function of blood?
1. Transport oxygen, Carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
2. Defense (immunity)
3. Prevents blood loss (clotting)
4. Helps regulate pH and body temp
5. Has 4 parts: red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma
43
What substance in the blood cell carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to and from cells?
hemoglobin (in the red blood cell)
44
What is the function of Leukocytes?
1. Part of the natural immunity of the body
2. occurs after exposure to an antigen
3. May or may not trigger a response by the immune system
45
What is the function of platelets?
cell fragments for blood clotting
46
Plasma is made mostly of what?
55% blood
47
Arteries carry blood where?
Away from the heart to the body
48
What is the smallest branch (of an arterie)
apillaries
49
Veins carry blood to where?
from the body to the heart
50
Can blood flow the wrong direction in veins
no, they have valves so they only travel in one direction
51
Name the pump that moves the blood
heart
52
the pulmonary circuit brings blood to what organ
lungs
53
the systemic circuit supplies blood that is oxygenated or deoxygenated
oxygenated
54
What is the function of the lympatic system
1. to collect and drain the fluid that seeps from the bloodstream and accumulates in the extracellular fluid
2. transport foreign particles and cellular debris to the lymph nodes (filled with lymphocytes a type of white blood cell
55
Air enters this body part that begins to warm the air and removes particles?
nasal cavity
56
What is the pharynx for?
food and air
57
What is the larynx for?
air enters via a narrow opening (the glottis)
58
What is the trachea for?
funnels air into and out of the lungs
59
After the traches its the (blank). (hint: has an left and right)
broncus
60
What is the name of the smallest pert of the lung, the site of gas exchange
alveoli
61
Part of the body that moves the ribs and the floor of then chest cavity when you breathe
diaphragm
62
What does the endocrine system use to communicate with and control some of the bodys activities
chemical messengers and hormones
63
The pituitary gland is foind where and directs what
found on the floor of the brain and directs activity to several other endocrine glands
64
The hormone oxytocin is important for what?
1. stimulates concentration of uterine smooth muscle during labor
2. can be used to induce labor
3. triggers milk ejection by mammary glands in response to sucking infant
4. social bonding of groups
65
The pineal gland produces (BLANK)
melatonin (produced in a cycle with exposure to light)
66
Where is your thyroid gland
neck of vertebrates
67
What mineral does T3 and T4 need to function properly (thyroid gland)
iodine
68
Under secretion of the thyroid can cause what to happen to metabolism
slows metabolic activity
69
Where are the parathyroid glands found
embedded within the thyroid
70
Where are your adrenal glands
two small glands that sit on top of the kidneys
71
What response can the adrenal glands prepare the body for
alarm stage of the stress response (a.k.a flight or fight)
72
What does the pancreas secrete
glucagon and insulin
73
How may this be related to hyperglycemia (pancreas)
without out insulin the level of glucose in the blood rises to abnormal levels
74
how may this be related to hyperglycemia?
without insulin the level of glucose in the blood rises to abnormal levels
75
What happens to the thymus when puberty is reached?
starts to shrink (replaced with fat)
76
Where is the thymus found?
top of the heart behind the sternum
77
What hormone does the testes produce?
testosterone
78
What hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
79
What are the two types of skeletal systems
hyrdostatic and rigid
80
This type of skeleton (protective skeleton) that often must be molted to allow growth
rigid skeleton
81
This type of skeleton provides: rigid elements to which muscles can attach
rigid skeleton
82
Vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of (BLANK) and (BLANK)
bone and cartilage
83
functions of the vertebrate skeleton being composed of bone and cartilage?
protection support, reservoir for calcium and phosphorous, and blood cell production
84
Vertebrate skeleton composed of the (BLANK) skeleton and the (BLANK) skeleton
axial and appendicular
85
The (BLANK) skeleton is made up of bones of the pectoral limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic limb and pelvic girdle
appendicular
86
The (BLANK)skeleton is made up of bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
axial
87
What bones protect the heart, lungs and other soft body parts?
ribs
88
Is bone alive or dead?
alive
89
Can bones grow
yes under hormonal control
90
What two minerals are bones a reservoir for.
calcium and phosphorous
91
What are the three types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
92
What are the three types of muscles?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
93
Where is the skeletal muscle found?
throughout the body, attached to various bones and tendons
94
Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involutary
voluntary
95
Where is smooth muscle found?
lines the wall of organs
96
Are smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
97
Where is cardiac muscle found?
the heart
98
Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
99
Which muscle type is long and cylindrical and has multiple nuclei that push to the edge of the cell
skeletal muscle
100
Which muscle type is short, tapered at each end, and have only one nucleus each
smooth muscle
101
Which type of muscle is cylindrical but short and has one or two nuclei in the center of the cell?
cardiac muscle
102
Do muscles pull or push your bones?
pull
103
What is the function of tendons?
1. Attach muscle to bone
2. tough & durable
3. Conserve space
4. provide a protected pathway for the nerves and vessels to/ form muscles
104
What is the function of the nervous system?
1. communication between cells and organs
2. receives & codes info
3. transmits and processes
105
The brain and spinal cord are part of what nervous system?
central nervous system
106
The cranial and spinal nerves are part of what neuron system?
peripheral nervous system
107
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neurons
108
(BLANK) has a cell body that has what 2 extensions?
neurons
109
What insulates the long extension? (neurons)
myelin sheath
110
Action potential is an "(BLANK)" phenomenon
all-for-one
111
All nerves have the same (BLANK) message
electro-chemical
112
The action potential must cross the small gap called (BLANK)
Synaptic cleft (synapse)
113
The brain has 2 cerebral (blank)
hemispheres
114
Cerebral cortex- the outer region is the (blank) matter and is deeply fissured
grey
115
the interior region is the (Blank) matter and contains the hippocampus, basal ganglia &olfactory bulb
white
116
The brain is divided into (BLANK)
lobes
117
deep in the brain if the (BLANK) for sleep, fulfilling basic needs.
limbic system
118
fear and fearful face recognition
the amygdala
119
The Brain regulates this important function function, without which you would die?
Breathing, swallowing, digestion, sleeping
120
The (BLANK) nervous system is divided into 2
Autonomic
121
The (BLANK) sympathetic division that is for “(BLANK) and (BLANK) this slows heart rate and lower blood pressure and stimulates digestion
Para, rest and digest
122
The sympathetic division is for (BLANK) and (BLANK) it accelerates the heart and inhibits digestion
Fight or flight
123
What are the 5 senses?
1. Taste
2. Olfaction
3. Hearing
4. Vision
5. Touch
124
What are the three types of receptors?
Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
125
Chemoreceptors
Taste & smell
126
Mechanoreceptors
Touch, pain, hearing, equilibrium
127
Photoreceptors
Vision
128
What is olfaction? (What body part)
Sense if smell (nasal cavity)
129
Why would bitter be important to be the most sensitive taste?
Many potentially dangerous things are bitter
130
What is the pacinian corpuscle for?
Large mechanoreceptor for deep touch and pressure in mammalian skin
131
The ear has evolved to a (BLANK) organ
Balancing
132
Slow pain response to (BLAKE)
Chemical responses
133
Fast pain response to (BLANK)
Pin prick it burn
134
The middle ear has three small (BLANK) that conduct sound and amplify sound waves
Ossicles
135
Is echolocation produced by the predator or the prey
Both
136
Photoreception in vertebrates is like a (BLANK) lens
Single
137
Rob cells found at the periphery (outer edge) of the retina are for what type of vision and what time of day?
138
This odd sea animal is the only male that gives birth
Sea horse
139
Sexual reproduction are either (BLANK) or (BLANK) type of fertilization
Asexual or sexual
140
Combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring describes (BLANK) reproduction
Sexual
141
Fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogensis are all types of (BLANK) reproduction
Asexually
142
What is parthenogenesis
Spontaneous activation of a mature egg followed by a normal egg division and subsequent embryonic development.
143
Hermaphrodites have both (BLANK) and (BLANK) organs
Male and female
144
Mammalian sex is determined genetically by the combination of what two chromosomes? Are birds the same?
X and Y, no they use Z and W
145
Sex determination in alligators, some turtles I’d dependent on the (BLANK) of the environment
Temperature
146
Some species change their what over their lives, such as slipper limpets, wrasses and oysters?
Sex
147
What type of sexual reproduction produces offspring from union of gametes from two genetically different parents
Bisexual reproduction
148
What are the organs that produce germ cells (gametes) Female and male
Uterus and testes
149
Fish and frogs have this type of fertilization
External fertilization
150
Platypus, lizards, snakes and birds have this type of birth
Egg birth ( can be internal or external)
151
This type of birth produces offspring from union of gametes from two genetically different parents
Live birth
152
There are two types of mammalian birth, what are they
Marsupials and placentals
153
What type of mammalian birth does a kangaroo give
Marsupials
154
What process happens after the blastula stage of development? What’s the term
Gastrulation is the process where the cells in the blastula rearrange themselves to form the germ layers
155
What are the three germ layers
1. Endoderm
2. Ectoderm
3. Mesoderm
156
One spermatocyte produces how many sperm
4
157
When during a final mammals life are the eggs first produced?
Beginning of adolescence
158
During a male mammals life when will sperm mature?
During adolescence
159
What controls the ovarian cycle
Regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries
160
If no egg is fertilized the female uterus continues into what cycle?
The menstrual cycle
161
Where does the eggs get fertilized (humans)
Fallopian tubes
162
Where does the developing embryo implant in the female reproductive tract
Uterus
