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Biology 100 > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a stable state within the animals body

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2
Q

What does homeostasis regulate?

A

the body?

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3
Q

What is the set point (homeostasis)?

A

the best condition for animals’ internal environment

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4
Q

What four processes exchange heat with the environment?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Convection
  3. Evaporation
  4. Radiation
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5
Q

Conduction

A

transfers of heat between the environment and the body surface of the animal

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6
Q

Convection

A

the movement of air (or a liquid) over the surface of the body. Contributes to heat loss if the air is cooler than the body or heat gain if the air is warmer.

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7
Q

Evaporation

A

the loss of heat from a surface as water molecules escape in the form of gas (useful only to terrestrial animals)

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8
Q

Radiation

A

the emission of electromagnetic waves that objects, such as other animals’ body to the sun. Can transfer between objects that are not in direct contact with each other.

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9
Q

What is an Endotherm?

A

most birds and mammals obtain their body from internal processes, nearly constant core body temperature

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10
Q

What is an Ectotherm?

A

reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates get most of their body heat from the environment, they have low rates of metabolism and are poorly insulated, have to move there bodies to minimize heat/cold stress

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11
Q

What are some special adaptations animals have?

A
  1. Antelope Jackrabbits- huge, thin, vascularized ears that allow for heat exchange
  2. Bats- brown fat between shoulder blades that produce more heat.
  3. Penguins- thick, short stiff feathers interlock to trap air forming the equivalent to a divers wet suit.
  4. Swordfish- active fish maintain core temp. higher than the temp. of the water (muscular contraction give four tries the heat of other fish)
  5. Hummingbirds- only maintain a high body temp for part of the day
  6. Ticks- can sense thermal variation, sense warmth of a nearby meal and drop on the vertebrate host
  7. Naked Mole Rat- no body fur, no insulation, no fat under the skin, cannot regulate body temp.
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12
Q

What are the systems (homeostasis/ thermoregulation)

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Endocrine
  3. Respiratory
  4. Circulatory/ Cardiovascular
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13
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.

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14
Q

What does osmoregulation balance?

A

salt and water?

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15
Q

Excretory system: What do the organs do

A
  1. Skin- sweat
  2. Lungs- exhale carbon dioxide
  3. Urinary System- urine
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16
Q

What organs are in the excretory system?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Lungs
  3. Urinary
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17
Q

What is nutrition?

A

includes all of those processes by which an animal takes in, digests, absorbs, stores and uses food (nutrients) to meet its metabolic needs.

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

the chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of food into particles that the individual cells of an animal can absorb

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19
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

animals, bacteria and fungi that cannot synthesize many of their own organic molecules must obtain them for other organisms

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20
Q

What are the three groups of heterotrophs?

A
  1. Herbivores
  2. Carnivores
  3. Omnivores
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21
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

Larger animals have evolved structures and mechanisms for this type of digestion
a. Enzymatic breakdown of larger pieces of food into molecules
b. usually in a special organ or cavity
c. nutrients pass into body cell lining the gut
d. cells can then carry out metabolism and/or biosynthesis

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22
Q

What are continuous feeders? Examples?

A

slow-moving or non-moving animals (ie. clams or mussels)

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23
Q

What are discontinuous feeders? Example?

A

tend to achieve, sometimes highly mobile animals, tend to have more digestive specializations, and take in large meals for gradual digestion and storage. (ie. squid)

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24
Q

What is ingestion?

A

eating

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25
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

involuntary, sequential muscle movements that move ingested food along in the digestive tract.

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26
Q

What is segmentation?

A

mixing the contents in the small intestine

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27
Q

What is secretion?

A

hormones, enzymes, and chemicals for digestion

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28
Q

What is digestion?

A

large particles are broken down into bloodstream to the cells

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29
Q

What is absorption?

A

usable nutrients passed into bloodstream to the cells

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30
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of undigested and unabsorbed waste

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31
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

the mouth

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32
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A
  1. Stores and mixes food coming from the esophagus
  2. Secretes enzymes to digest proteins (pepsin)
  3. helps to control the rate of food moving into small intestine
  4. Highly acidic- kills microorganisms
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33
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A
  1. Most food is digested and absorbed
  2. 7-8m in length
  3. contains villi that absorb nutrients
    a. increased surface area for absorption
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34
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A
  1. Functions to reabsorb water and minerals
  2. Formation and storage of feces
  3. Bacteria in large intestine
    a. degrade organic wastes
    b. synthesize vitamin K and small mounts of B vitamins
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35
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  1. Secretes digestive enzymes
  2. Neutralizes acidic food coming from the stomach
  3. Excrine (enzyme) and endocrine (hormones)
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36
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A
  1. Stores bile that emulsifies fat
  2. Fat is then in tiny droplets that can be absorbed
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37
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  1. largest internal organ
  2. cells take nutrients from the small intestine and release them into the bloodstream
  3. detoxification
  4. process bile
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38
Q

Which of the following is NOT a regulated homeostasis mechanism?

A

Vision

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39
Q

The heat produced metabolically + heat gained from the environment- heat lost to the environment is

A

total body temp

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40
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems?

A

Transport of :
1. Oxygen
2. Nutrients
3. Wastes
4. Hormone

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41
Q

How is bee circulation (invertebrate) different from vertebrates?

A

They have an open circulatory system

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42
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  1. Transport oxygen, Carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
  2. Defense (immunity)
  3. Prevents blood loss (clotting)
  4. Helps regulate pH and body temp
  5. Has 4 parts: red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma
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43
Q

What substance in the blood cell carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to and from cells?

A

hemoglobin (in the red blood cell)

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44
Q

What is the function of Leukocytes?

A
  1. Part of the natural immunity of the body
  2. occurs after exposure to an antigen
  3. May or may not trigger a response by the immune system
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45
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

cell fragments for blood clotting

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46
Q

Plasma is made mostly of what?

A

55% blood

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47
Q

Arteries carry blood where?

A

Away from the heart to the body

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48
Q

What is the smallest branch (of an arterie)

A

apillaries

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49
Q

Veins carry blood to where?

A

from the body to the heart

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50
Q

Can blood flow the wrong direction in veins

A

no, they have valves so they only travel in one direction

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51
Q

Name the pump that moves the blood

A

heart

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52
Q

the pulmonary circuit brings blood to what organ

A

lungs

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53
Q

the systemic circuit supplies blood that is oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

oxygenated

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54
Q

What is the function of the lympatic system

A
  1. to collect and drain the fluid that seeps from the bloodstream and accumulates in the extracellular fluid
  2. transport foreign particles and cellular debris to the lymph nodes (filled with lymphocytes a type of white blood cell
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55
Q

Air enters this body part that begins to warm the air and removes particles?

A

nasal cavity

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56
Q

What is the pharynx for?

A

food and air

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57
Q

What is the larynx for?

A

air enters via a narrow opening (the glottis)

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58
Q

What is the trachea for?

A

funnels air into and out of the lungs

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59
Q

After the traches its the (blank). (hint: has an left and right)

A

broncus

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60
Q

What is the name of the smallest pert of the lung, the site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

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61
Q

Part of the body that moves the ribs and the floor of then chest cavity when you breathe

A

diaphragm

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62
Q

What does the endocrine system use to communicate with and control some of the bodys activities

A

chemical messengers and hormones

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63
Q

The pituitary gland is foind where and directs what

A

found on the floor of the brain and directs activity to several other endocrine glands

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64
Q

The hormone oxytocin is important for what?

A
  1. stimulates concentration of uterine smooth muscle during labor
  2. can be used to induce labor
  3. triggers milk ejection by mammary glands in response to sucking infant
  4. social bonding of groups
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65
Q

The pineal gland produces (BLANK)

A

melatonin (produced in a cycle with exposure to light)

66
Q

Where is your thyroid gland

A

neck of vertebrates

67
Q

What mineral does T3 and T4 need to function properly (thyroid gland)

A

iodine

68
Q

Under secretion of the thyroid can cause what to happen to metabolism

A

slows metabolic activity

69
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found

A

embedded within the thyroid

70
Q

Where are your adrenal glands

A

two small glands that sit on top of the kidneys

71
Q

What response can the adrenal glands prepare the body for

A

alarm stage of the stress response (a.k.a flight or fight)

72
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

glucagon and insulin

73
Q

How may this be related to hyperglycemia (pancreas)

A

without out insulin the level of glucose in the blood rises to abnormal levels

74
Q

how may this be related to hyperglycemia?

A

without insulin the level of glucose in the blood rises to abnormal levels

75
Q

What happens to the thymus when puberty is reached?

A

starts to shrink (replaced with fat)

76
Q

Where is the thymus found?

A

top of the heart behind the sternum

77
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

testosterone

78
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

79
Q

What are the two types of skeletal systems

A

hyrdostatic and rigid

80
Q

This type of skeleton (protective skeleton) that often must be molted to allow growth

A

rigid skeleton

81
Q

This type of skeleton provides: rigid elements to which muscles can attach

A

rigid skeleton

82
Q

Vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of (BLANK) and (BLANK)

A

bone and cartilage

83
Q

functions of the vertebrate skeleton being composed of bone and cartilage?

A

protection support, reservoir for calcium and phosphorous, and blood cell production

84
Q

Vertebrate skeleton composed of the (BLANK) skeleton and the (BLANK) skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

85
Q

The (BLANK) skeleton is made up of bones of the pectoral limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic limb and pelvic girdle

A

appendicular

86
Q

The (BLANK)skeleton is made up of bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

A

axial

87
Q

What bones protect the heart, lungs and other soft body parts?

A

ribs

88
Q

Is bone alive or dead?

A

alive

89
Q

Can bones grow

A

yes under hormonal control

90
Q

What two minerals are bones a reservoir for.

A

calcium and phosphorous

91
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

92
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

93
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

throughout the body, attached to various bones and tendons

94
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involutary

A

voluntary

95
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

lines the wall of organs

96
Q

Are smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

97
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

the heart

98
Q

Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

99
Q

Which muscle type is long and cylindrical and has multiple nuclei that push to the edge of the cell

A

skeletal muscle

100
Q

Which muscle type is short, tapered at each end, and have only one nucleus each

A

smooth muscle

101
Q

Which type of muscle is cylindrical but short and has one or two nuclei in the center of the cell?

A

cardiac muscle

102
Q

Do muscles pull or push your bones?

A

pull

103
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A
  1. Attach muscle to bone
  2. tough & durable
  3. Conserve space
  4. provide a protected pathway for the nerves and vessels to/ form muscles
104
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A
  1. communication between cells and organs
  2. receives & codes info
  3. transmits and processes
105
Q

The brain and spinal cord are part of what nervous system?

A

central nervous system

106
Q

The cranial and spinal nerves are part of what neuron system?

A

peripheral nervous system

107
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neurons

108
Q

(BLANK) has a cell body that has what 2 extensions?

A

neurons

109
Q

What insulates the long extension? (neurons)

A

myelin sheath

110
Q

Action potential is an “(BLANK)” phenomenon

A

all-for-one

111
Q

All nerves have the same (BLANK) message

A

electro-chemical

112
Q

The action potential must cross the small gap called (BLANK)

A

Synaptic cleft (synapse)

113
Q

The brain has 2 cerebral (blank)

A

hemispheres

114
Q

Cerebral cortex- the outer region is the (blank) matter and is deeply fissured

A

grey

115
Q

the interior region is the (Blank) matter and contains the hippocampus, basal ganglia &olfactory bulb

A

white

116
Q

The brain is divided into (BLANK)

A

lobes

117
Q

deep in the brain if the (BLANK) for sleep, fulfilling basic needs.

A

limbic system

118
Q

fear and fearful face recognition

A

the amygdala

119
Q

The Brain regulates this important function function, without which you would die?

A

Breathing, swallowing, digestion, sleeping

120
Q

The (BLANK) nervous system is divided into 2

A

Autonomic

121
Q

The (BLANK) sympathetic division that is for “(BLANK) and (BLANK) this slows heart rate and lower blood pressure and stimulates digestion

A

Para, rest and digest

122
Q

The sympathetic division is for (BLANK) and (BLANK) it accelerates the heart and inhibits digestion

A

Fight or flight

123
Q

What are the 5 senses?

A
  1. Taste
  2. Olfaction
  3. Hearing
  4. Vision
  5. Touch
124
Q

What are the three types of receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors

125
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Taste & smell

126
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Touch, pain, hearing, equilibrium

127
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Vision

128
Q

What is olfaction? (What body part)

A

Sense if smell (nasal cavity)

129
Q

Why would bitter be important to be the most sensitive taste?

A

Many potentially dangerous things are bitter

130
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscle for?

A

Large mechanoreceptor for deep touch and pressure in mammalian skin

131
Q

The ear has evolved to a (BLANK) organ

A

Balancing

132
Q

Slow pain response to (BLAKE)

A

Chemical responses

133
Q

Fast pain response to (BLANK)

A

Pin prick it burn

134
Q

The middle ear has three small (BLANK) that conduct sound and amplify sound waves

A

Ossicles

135
Q

Is echolocation produced by the predator or the prey

A

Both

136
Q

Photoreception in vertebrates is like a (BLANK) lens

A

Single

137
Q

Rob cells found at the periphery (outer edge) of the retina are for what type of vision and what time of day?

A
138
Q

This odd sea animal is the only male that gives birth

A

Sea horse

139
Q

Sexual reproduction are either (BLANK) or (BLANK) type of fertilization

A

Asexual or sexual

140
Q

Combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring describes (BLANK) reproduction

A

Sexual

141
Q

Fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogensis are all types of (BLANK) reproduction

A

Asexually

142
Q

What is parthenogenesis

A

Spontaneous activation of a mature egg followed by a normal egg division and subsequent embryonic development.

143
Q

Hermaphrodites have both (BLANK) and (BLANK) organs

A

Male and female

144
Q

Mammalian sex is determined genetically by the combination of what two chromosomes? Are birds the same?

A

X and Y, no they use Z and W

145
Q

Sex determination in alligators, some turtles I’d dependent on the (BLANK) of the environment

A

Temperature

146
Q

Some species change their what over their lives, such as slipper limpets, wrasses and oysters?

A

Sex

147
Q

What type of sexual reproduction produces offspring from union of gametes from two genetically different parents

A

Bisexual reproduction

148
Q

What are the organs that produce germ cells (gametes) Female and male

A

Uterus and testes

149
Q

Fish and frogs have this type of fertilization

A

External fertilization

150
Q

Platypus, lizards, snakes and birds have this type of birth

A

Egg birth ( can be internal or external)

151
Q

This type of birth produces offspring from union of gametes from two genetically different parents

A

Live birth

152
Q

There are two types of mammalian birth, what are they

A

Marsupials and placentals

153
Q

What type of mammalian birth does a kangaroo give

A

Marsupials

154
Q

What process happens after the blastula stage of development? What’s the term

A

Gastrulation is the process where the cells in the blastula rearrange themselves to form the germ layers

155
Q

What are the three germ layers

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Ectoderm
  3. Mesoderm
156
Q

One spermatocyte produces how many sperm

A

4

157
Q

When during a final mammals life are the eggs first produced?

A

Beginning of adolescence

158
Q

During a male mammals life when will sperm mature?

A

During adolescence

159
Q

What controls the ovarian cycle

A

Regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries

160
Q

If no egg is fertilized the female uterus continues into what cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle

161
Q

Where does the eggs get fertilized (humans)

A

Fallopian tubes

162
Q

Where does the developing embryo implant in the female reproductive tract

A

Uterus

Biology 100 (4 decks)

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