Bio Exam 3 Flashcards
Respiratory system, Gastrointestinal system, urinary system, reproduction, development, growth and aging.
What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?
The upper and lower respiratory tracts.
What does the lower respiratory tract look like?
An upside-down tree.
Pneumonia is?
An infection in the lungs.
Bronchitis is?
Inflammation of the bronchi, usually (bit not always) caused by a viral infection.
A cold is?
A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.
What structure blocks ingested food from getting into the lungs?
The Epiglottis.
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
The capillaries (& alveoli).
What are the two phases of respiration?
Inspiration and expiration.
What is inspiration?
Movement of air into lungs.
What is expiration?
Movement of air out of lungs.
What are the hair-like structures on mucosal cells in the respiratory tract that beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward toward pharynx, away from the lungs?
Cilia.
The respiratory and digestive tracts are lined with what?
A protective mucous membrane.
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract: Nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract: larynx, trachea, left and right primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, broncholes, alveolar sac, alveoli.
Respiratory mucosal cells are made of?
Mucus (mobile cilia)
Pseudostratified epithelium (goblet cells)
Basement membrane
Submucosa
What are the functions of the gastrointestinal/digestive system?
Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption
What is motility?
The mechanical breakdown of our intake (food).
What is secretion?
The release of enzymes and hormones.
What is digestion?
The chemical breakdown of our intake (food).
What is absorption?
The passing of nutrients to the bloodstream.
What is gingivitis?
The inflammation of gums due to build up of plaque. Symptoms: swollen gums that bleed easily. Sign the gum disease may develop.
What is Periodontitis?
Gum disease or infection of the gums.
What are dental caries?
Aka cavities - are permanently damaged areas of teeth that develop into holes caused by bacteria, sugar, and poor oral hygiene.
What organ detoxifies the blood and creates bile?
The liver.
What organ stores bile?
The gallbladder.
What is secreted into the small intestine to help break down fat?
Bile.
What does the pancreas do?
The pancreas makes insulin (needed for glucose metabolism), and secretes pancreatic juices filled with enzymes that help break down food.
The small intestines absorb what?
Nutrients and minerals.
The large intestines … ?
Reabsorbs water.
What do the bacteria living in the large intestines help with?
Breaking down carbohydrates.
What are the “big three” macronutrients in our diet that are broken down and used by the body?
Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins.
In what order does the body break down macronutrients for energy?
1) Carbohydrates
2) lipids (fats)
3) protein
Glucose metabolism is how we break down glucose to get?
ATP (energy)
The 3 different processes involved with glucose metabolism are?
The electron transport system, citric acid cycle, glycolysis.
What is the normal blood sugar level?
Fasting: (8 hrs) less than 100 mg/dO
2 hrs After meal: less than 140 mg/dL
What is the satiety center and where is it located?
The satiety center controls appetite and feeding behavior in the brain (hypothalmus).
Weight classification is no longer solely based on a number but now based on a calculation called (blank) as outlined by the National Institutes of Health.
The BMI (body mass index)
What is regulated body temperature?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Temp regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain.
What part of the kidney makes urine?
Nephrons
What are the three steps of urine production?
1) Glomerular filtration: filters water/unwanted substances from bloodstream.
2) Reabsorption: Moves nutrients & water back into bloodstream.
3) Secretion: waste ions & hydrogen ions secreted from blood complete formation of urine & move out of body.
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Making urine, blood pressure and blood volume regulation,,and red blood cell regulation.
Which hormones tell the kidneys to pee?
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
*Pee kidneys pee!
What hormones tell kidneys not to pee?
ADH (AntiDiuretic Hormone) & Aldosterone
*kidneys don’t pee!
Where does urine flow to afternoon leaves the kidneys?
Kidneys>ureters>bladder>urethra>exit body
What are gametes?
The male and female sex cells (sperm and egg)
Where are gametes produced?
In the gonads
What are gonads?
The ovaries in women and testes in men. They are the essential reproductive organs.
What is the most abundant body compound?
Water
What is the percentage of water in the human body?
Newborn= 80% of body weight
Males (adult)= 60%
Females (adult)= 50%
What is dehydration?
When the total volume of water in the body is low. (That person is “dehydrated”)
What does “overhydrated” mean?
When a person’s total volume of water is above normal.
What can dehydration and overhydration lead to?
Electrolyte imbalances (or: too much or too littlecalcium, sodium, or potassium).
What problems can electrolyte imbalances cause?
Central nervous system malfunction, muscle weakness/paralysis, a burden on the heart, and cramping.
What are the sources of fluid output?
1) Water vapor (during respiration/lungs)
2) Sweating (from skin)
3) Urine (from kidney)
4) Water lost in feces (large intestine)
What are secondary sexual characteristics and when do they develop?
Any physical characteristic developing at puberty. Which distinguishes between the sexes bit is not directlt involved in reproduction. (Males) pubic hair, underarm hair, facial and chest hair, larger shoulders and muscles, larger voicebox (larynx)=deeper voice, growth spurt (height), stronger, testicles
(Females) pubic and underarm hair, breasts, areola darkens, larger hips/buttocks.
Which hormones cause masculine and feminine secondary sexual characteristics to appear?
Masculinizing= testosterone Womanizing= estrogen (& progesterone=menses)
How long is the menstrual cycle and whatbhappens during that time?
The menstrual cycle is 28 days during which the estrogen builds up there endometrial and progesterone maintains it.
What is menses?
When no fertilized egg is implanted into the uterine endometrium, the tissue sloughs causing a woman’s monthly period.
Human life starts as a (blank) and develops into a (blank).
1) a single cell
2) a complex human
What is the prenatal period?
Aka: the gestation period is the time frame from conception to birth.
How old is an embryo?
3-8 weeks gestation
How old is a fetus?
9-38 weeks gestation
What is a fertilized egg or ovum called?
A zygote
An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to many different specific types of cells or tissues are called… ?
Stem cells
What are the names of the three primary germ layers that give rise to all of our body structures?
1) Endoderm (inner layer)
2) Ectoderm (outer layer)
3) Mesoderm (middle layer)
Identical twins come from (blank) therefore they share the same (blank)?
1) splitting of the same zygote
2) DNA
Fraternal twins come from (blank) being fertilized by (blank)?
1) 2 separate eggs
2) 2 different sperm cells
How many chromosomes do the human sperm and human egg have?
The human sperm and egg have 23 chromosomes each. They unite during fertilization to give the fertilized egg (zygote) 46 chromosomes in total.
(Blank) characterize older adulthood, or senescence?
Degenerative changes
Every (blank) undergoes generative changes?
Organ system of the body
What theory states that the number of oxygen free radicals increases as one ages, thus increasing the rate of cellular damage?
The free-radical theory of aging
What does degeneration culminate in?
Death
Where is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus.
What is the name for tightly wound DNA?
Chromosome
(Blank) is the material that makes up genes and chromosomes. Stretched and unwound it looks like (blank)?
1) DNA
2) a double helix
What is a Gene?
A small section of the DNA, it codes for a particular trait (like freckles).
Normal human cells have (blank) pairs of chromosomes = a total of (blank) chromosomes. Only exception, gametes (sperm and egg cells) have 23 total chromosomes, unite give a human zygote 46 chromosomes.
1) 23
2) 46
Sex is determined scientifically by the (blank)?
Male
Sperm cells contain (blank), but egg cells contain only (blank)?
1) an X or a Y chromosome
2) X chromosomes
What is difference between dominant and recessive genes?
Dominant genes=appearance seen in offspring. Only 1 copy of Allele from 1 parent needed.
Recessive genes=appearance not always seen in offspring. 2 copies of Alleles needed from both parents to show in offspring.
What is trisomy 21?
Down Syndrome- characterized by mental retardation and multiple structural defects. Results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21 due to abnormal cell division.
