Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > Bio Chapter 6 - transport > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 6 - transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells ,white blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is plasma

A

yellowish liquid in blood that contains mainly dissolve substances such as biological molecules and vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the functions of plasma

A

plasma transports blood cells around the body

nutrients from the small intestine to the large intestine

metabolic waste products from organs where they are produced

hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are platelets

A

fragments of cytoplasm containing an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin threads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

transports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the adaptations of RBC - haemoglobin

A

RBCs contain haemoglobin that combines reversibly with oxygen

in the lungs where the oxygen concentration is high, haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

in tissues where the oxygen concentration is low, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the adaptations of RBC - shape

A

the biconcave shape of RBC increases the surface area to volume ratio which increases the rate of absorption and release of oxygen

it also enables the RBC to be flexible and can change into a bell-shaped so that it can easily flow through narrow blood capillaries

there is no nucleus in RBC which means theres more haemoglobin storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of phagocytes

A

to perform phagocytosis
- process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys foreign particles such as bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes

A
  • recognize foreign particles
  • destroy disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses
  • cause bacteria to clump together for easy ingestion by phagocytes
  • neutralize toxins produced by bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why must blood clot?

A

blood exposed to air will clot and coagulate to form a solid clot

clots seal the wound to prevent excessive blood loss

clots prevent foreign particles from entering the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does blood clot

A

platelets convert the soluble protein, fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin which involves enzymes

fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the whole mass forms a clot or scab that seals the wound preventing entry of microorganisms and excessive loss of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why do people get organ/tissue transplant?

A

when a person’s tissue or organ is damaged or diseased, it can be replaced by a healthy tissue or organ from a donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is tissue rejection?

A

it is when foreign tissue may be recognized by the white blood cells and they respond by producing antibodies to destroy the foreign tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the solutions to tissue rejection?

A

if the tissue to be transplanted comes from a donor, tissue match is necessary to reduce risk of rejection

both tissues of donor and recipient must be as genetically similar as possible

use of drugs which inhibit the responses of the recipient’s immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the heart

A

blood is kept circulating throughout the body by means of a muscular pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the process of the heart pumping blood?

A

when the heart relaxes it fills up with blood
when it contracts the blood is squeezed out with great force
the blood then circulates throughout the blood vessels that direct the blood flow around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

from the heart, what is the process of the arteries transporting blood?

A

the large artery that leaves the left side of the heart is the aorta that branch out to form smaller arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the blood pressure and speed of blood flow of in the arteries

A

arteries need to be able to withstand the high pressure of the blood forced out of the heart that is fast-moving
the arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 3 adaptations of the arteries

A

thick, muscular and elastic walls - thicker arteries closer to the heart

  • enable arteries to withstand the high bp inside it as blood is forced out of the heart
  • it makes the artery wall elastic enabling its wall to stretch and recoil which helps push the blood in spurts along the artery and gives rise to the pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A

divide and branch out to form very tiny blood vessels called capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are blood capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels that are found between the cella of almost all tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of blood capillaries

A

facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells in the body

24
Q

what is the process of exchange of substances in the capillaries?

A

capillary walls are highly permeable - wall is one cell thick thus short diffusion distance - and enables certain substances to diffuse quickly through them

small arteries branch out to form capillaries

numerous branches provide a large surface area for the exchange of the blood and tissue cells

when an arteriole branches into many capillaries the total cross sectional area of the blood vessels increase - lowers blood pressure in the capillaries & the flow of blood is slowed down giving more time for the exchange of substances

25
Q

what is the function of the vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

26
Q

how are veins formed?

A

they are formed when venules join together

27
Q

why is the bp of the veins much lower than in the arteries?

A

blood moves much more smoothly and slowly in the veins compared to the artery where blood is forced out from the heart at fast speed and high pressure

28
Q

what are the adaptations of the veins

A

walls of the veins do not need to be as thick as arteries - thin walls
contain less elastic tissue and instead have internal valves along their length to prevent backflow of blood

29
Q

what are the adaptations of the veins

A

walls of the veins do not need to be as thick as arteries - thin walls
contain less elastic tissue and instead have internal valves along their length to prevent backflow of blood

30
Q

what is the size of the lumen in arteries and veins

A

arteries - small lumen
veins - large lumen

31
Q

what could happen if we sit for too long

A

pressure can build up in the veins of the lower limb which causes poor blood circulation and blood to pool in the legs

32
Q

what happens during pulmonary circulation?

A

from the heart, the pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs

oxygen enters the blood at the lungs

oxygenated blood is returned to the blood by pulmonary veins

33
Q

what happens during systematic circulation

A

oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart and is distributed by the arteries to all parts of the body excld lungs

veins carry blood from all parts of the body back to the right side of the heart

34
Q

what is the atria

A

the atria are the two upper chambers of the heart - left/right atrium
the atria receive blood from the veins

35
Q

what are the features of the atria?

A

the atria have comparatively thin muscle walls since they only force blood into the ventricles that lie directly below them and thus doesnt require high pressure

36
Q

what are the features of the ventricles

A

have comparatively thick muscular walls
left ventricle muscle is much larger because it pumps blood around the whole body and requires more pressure
right ventricle has thinner walls than the left ventricle since it only pumps blood to the lungs

37
Q

what is the median septum?

A

muscular wall that separates the right and left side of the heart

38
Q

what is the function of the median septum

A

prevents mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart and oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart as this could decrease the amount of oxygen in the body

39
Q

what is the function of the biscuspid valve

A

prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium

40
Q

what is the function of the tricuspid valve

A

prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

41
Q

what is the function of the aortic valve

A

prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle

42
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary valve

A

prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle

43
Q

what paths does blood take through the heart?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium by 2 venae cavae
    - upp vena cava transports blood from the head, neck and arms back to heart
    - lower vena cava transports blood from the rest of the body excld lungs back to the heart
  2. from the right atrium the blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
    - tricuspid valve containts three flaps that point downward toward the right ventricle and are attached to the walls of the right ventricle by the chordae tendinae
  3. from the right ventricle, the blood leaves the heart by the pulmonary artery to the lungs
  4. pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium
  5. blood passes from the left atrium through the bicuspid valve
    - has two flaps that point down towards the left ventricle
    - chordae tendinae prevent the flaps from being reverted into the left atrium when right ventricle muscles contract
  6. from the left ventricle blood leaves the heart and enters the aorta to be distributed around the body through different arteries
    - two coronary arteries emerge from the aorta and brings oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles
44
Q

what happens when there is a hole in the heart?

A

some infants born with hole in the heart present in median septum separating the left atrium & right atrium or left ventricle & right ventricle

blood will flow through the hole mostly from the left side to right side of the heart as pressure from the left side is higher than in the right

hence there is mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood and lesser oxygen is transported to body cells for respiration

45
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. The atrial muscles contract forcing blood into the ventricles
  2. After awhile, the ventricle muscles contract and there is an increase in pressure inside the ventricles. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves close to prevent back flow of blood to the atria causing a ‘lub’ sound. The semi-lunar valves open and blood flows from the right ventricle and left ventricle to the pulmonary artery and aorta respectively
  3. As the ventricle muscles contract, the atrial muscles relax. The right atrium receives blood from venae cavae while the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins
  4. The ventricle muscles relax and there is a fall in pressure
    - this causes the semi-lunar values to close to prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery and aorta and ventricles
    - produces a softer ‘dub’ sound
    - bicuspid and tricuspid valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles
  5. The atrial muscles open again and the cycle repeats
46
Q

What is pulse?

A

Pulse is produced after every ventricular contraction as the heart pumps blood

47
Q

What are the arteries leaving the heart?

A

Pulmonary arteries from right ventricle
Aorta from left ventricle

48
Q

Which arteries arise from the aorta?

A

Arteries to head, neck and arms
Hepatic artery to liver
Artery to stomach and intestines
Renal arteries

49
Q

What are the main veins that return blood to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Upper vena cava returns blood from the head, neck and arms to right atrium
Lower vena cava brings blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium

50
Q

Which veins in the lower parts of the body transport blood to the lower vena cava?

A

Renal vein transports blood from the kidneys

Hepatic vein transports blood from the liver

51
Q

Do veins in the small intestine open directly to the lower vena cava?

A

They do not open directly but instead unite to form the hepatic portal vein that arises from the wall in the small intestine at one end and gives rise to capillaries in the liver at the other end

52
Q

What happens during a heart attack?

A

blood flow to a part of the heart may be completely blocked and it may not receive enough oxygen and nutrients and dies

extensive heart muscle damage is often fatal as the heart is no longer able to pump blood to various parts of the body

53
Q

What are the causes of coronary heart disease?

A

fatty substances such as cholestrol and saturated fats may be deposited on the inner surface of the coronary arteries or atherosclerosis

this narrows the lumen of those arteries and increases the blood pressure

those arteries develop a rough inner surface and there is an increased risk of blood clot being trapped in the artery and supply of blood and oxygen to heart muscles may be completely cut off

54
Q

what happens when there is a lack of oxygen?

A

oxygen is needed in aerobic respiration to release energy for the activities of the muscle cells

without oxygen heart muscle cells are damaged and a heart attack occurs

55
Q

what are the risks of coronary heart disease?

A
  1. smoking
    - cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide and nicotine = increased risk of coronary heart disease
    - nicotine increases blood pressure and risk of blood clotting in the arteries
  2. unhealthy diet
    - a diet high in cholestrol, sat fat and salt = increased risk of coronary heart disease
  3. genetic factors
    - high bp and high cholestrol can run in the family
  4. age
    - risk of coronary heart disease increases with age
    - majority of people suffering from chd are 65 y/o and above
  5. sedentary lifestyle
    - inactivity causes the build up of fatty deposits that block the arteries = increased risk of coronary heart disease

bio (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions