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bio > Bio Chapter 5 - Nutrients > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 5 - Nutrients Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food is taken into the body

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

Lange food molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the body

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

Nutrients are moved from the intestines to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What is egestion?

A

Undigested matter removed from the body

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5
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Nutrients are used by cells for maintenance of the body

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6
Q

What does physical digestion do?

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio of food which increases efficiency of chemical digestion
Chewing releases nutrients from food
Breaks down food mechanically

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7
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

Breaks down large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules for easier absorption
Specific enzymes catalyse these reactions

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8
Q

What is the function of teeth?

A

Breaks large pieces of food into smaller pieces which increases the surface area of food so that enzymes can act more efficiently

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9
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

Helps in mixing food with saliva and moving food to the back of the mouth during swallowing

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10
Q

What is the process of digestion in the mouth?

A

Indigested food stimulates the salivary glands to secrete . saliva
Saliva mixes with food to soften it
Tongue rolls food into small boli
Boli is swallowed to the oesophagus via the pharynx

Digestion of carbohydrates begin in the mouth
Starch is digested by salivary amylase into maltose
Only a small amount of starch is digested as food remains in the mouth for a short time

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11
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic wave-like contractions of the walls of the gut caused by alternate contraction of longitudinal muscles and the circular muscles in the wall

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12
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

The inner surface of the stomach has gastric pits that open up to gastric glands that secrete gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsin

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13
Q

What does the hydrochloric and in the stomach do?

A

Denatures salivary amylase in food boli
Has a ph of 2 which is the optimum for the digestion of proteins by protease
Kills certain potentially harmful microorganisms in food

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14
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Protects the stomach wall against being digested by produced enzymes
Moistens food to allow easy movement within the stomach

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15
Q

How is food digested in the stomach?

A

Food is typically in the stomach for 3 to 4 hours
Proteins are digested by protease/pepsin into polypeptides
Muscular walls of stomach churns and breaks food into chyme after being liquefied
Chyme is then transported to the duodenum

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16
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The lining of the small intestine which contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes such as matase, lipase and intestinal protease

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17
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The tater surface of the ileum is folded extensively
Has numerous finger like projections called villi

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18
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the small intestine - villi

A

The small intestine has numerous finger-live projections called villi which increases the rate of absorption of digested food particles, mineral salts and most of the water in the bloodstream

The epithelial cells in the villi contains microvilli that further increases the surface area to volume ratio for the absorption of food

The walls of the small intestine have only a single layer of epithelial cells which provides a short diffusion distance for dissolved food substances to reach the blood from the lumen

Each villus contains a network of blood capillaries and a lacteal which increases the surface area of blood vessels in contact with epithelial walls for the absorption of food

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19
Q

What is the process of digestion in the small intestine?

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice containing the enzymes pancreatic amylase, lipase and protease
The gall bladder releases bile from the bile duct to the duodenum
Epithelial cells secrete maltase , lipase and protease
Food comes into contact with pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal juice
Intestinal juice has a pH of 8 which neutralises acidic chyme and provides a suitable medium for action of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes
Starch is digested by pancreatic amylase into maltose which is digested by maltase into glucose
Proteins are digested by intestinal protease into polypeptides which is further digested by intestinal protease into amino acids
Fats are digested by lipase to form fatty acids and glycerol
Bile salts emulsify fats by reducing the attractive forces between the fat molecules

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20
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Large fat molecules physically digested into tiny fat droplets

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21
Q

What is the process of absorption of glucose and amino acids in the small intestine?

A

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by the microvilli on the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
Blood rich in glucose and amino acids flows through capillaries that converge into the hepatic portal vein

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22
Q

What is the process of absorption of fats in the small intestine

A

Fats are absorbed by lacteals then transported to the villi in the walls of the small intestine then into the bloodstream

23
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries which absorb fat to the villi

24
Q

What is the process of absorption in the large intestine?

A

Absorbs 90% of the remaining water and mineral salts from the undigested food until it reaches the rectum

25
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Temporary storage of undigested food materials as faeces

26
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

Faeces are expelled through the anus

27
Q

What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Carries blood containing absorbed nutrients from small intestine to the liver

28
Q

What is the function of the hepatic vein?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the liver

29
Q

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the liver

30
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Temporary store of bile

31
Q

How is glucose assimilated?

A

Insult stimulates liver to convert excess glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver
The hepatic vein transports glucoseto all parts of the body
Glucose is used as a substrate in cellular respiration to provide energy for the cell

32
Q

How ave amino acids assimilated?

A

Amino acids are deaminated and converted to the urea
Hepatic vein transports amino acids to the rest of the body
Amici acids are synthesised into new cytoplasm parcell growth and repair and to synthesise enzymes and hormones

33
Q

How are fats assimilated?

A

Fats are absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the rest of the body
In the liver, fats are converted to forms that can be broken down or stored

34
Q

How are fats utilised when there is a sufficient supply of glucose?

A

Fats are not utilised for respiration and are used to build protoplasm

35
Q

How are fats utilised when there is a glucose shortage?

A

Fats are broken down to provide energy needed for vital activity of the body
Fats are stored in adipose tissues found in the skin and around the heart and kidneys which protects these organs as they are shock absorbers

36
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which play important roles in the control of the blood sugar concentration in the body
Secretes digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice that contains lipase, protease and pancreatic amylase

37
Q

What are the 5 functions of the liver?

A

Production of bile, deamination of amino acids, detoxification, regulation of blood glucose concentration and breakdown of hormones

38
Q

What is the process of deamination of amino acids?

A

The process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and converted to the urea
Urea is removed from the body in the urine
Remains of deaminated amino acids are converted into glucose in the liver
Any excess glucose formed is converted into glycogen

39
Q

Describe the process of detoxification

A

Harmful substances may be absorbed into the blood from the gut. These substances are made harmless by liver cells

40
Q

Alcohol is a harmful substance that is broken down by the liver. What is the harmful effect of alcohol on the body and now is it destroyed?

A

Alcohol can damage the digestive system and slow down brain functions
The liver cells contain an enzyme which breaks down alcohol into compounds used in respiration providing energy for cell activities

41
Q

Why do body cells need glucose

A

For cellular respiration
Drastic changes ages of glucose can be dangerous

42
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration?

A

Provide cells with energy to perform vital cell activity

43
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical substance produced in very small quantities by an endocrine gland. it is transported in the bloodstream to target organs where it exerts its effects. The hormone is destroyed in the liver after it has performed it’s function

44
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

Influences the growth, development and activity of an organism
They are chemical messengers that help various parts of the body to respond, develop and work together smoothly

45
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration rises above normal?

A

The pancreas detects this change and produces insulin transported to the blood to target the liver and muscle cells
Insulin makes cell membranes more permeable to glucose so that more glucosecan diffuse into the liver and muscle cells
Stimulates liver and muscles to convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage
Increases the use of glucose for respiration

46
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration falls below normal?

A

When blood glucose concentration falls below normal the pancreas secrete glucagon that targets the liver and increases the blood glucose concentration by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose

47
Q

Why must hormones be broken down in the liver?

A

To ensure that the hormones do not prolong their effects as it can be detrimental to the health of the body

48
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A disease in which the body is unable to control its blood glucose concentration to keep it within normal limits and as a result, the blood glucose concentration can rise to a level that exceeds the kidneys ability to completely reasons all the glucose. The glucose that is not reabsorbed is excreted in the urine

49
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Type I diabetes is developed early in life and is inherited

50
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Cells in pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed which causes little to no insulin can be produced

51
Q

What are the 3 causes of type 2 diabetes?

A

Pancreas do not produce enough insulin
Less insulin is secreted to the bloodstream
Insulin resistance: Muscle cells and liver cells are unresponsive to insulin which causes lesser glucose taken into cells and blood glucose concentration remains high

52
Q

What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history
Blood lipid levels - higher levels of good cholesterol and low levels of bad cholesterol in blood
Age - risk increases as the person gets older

53
Q

What are ways to reduce risks of type 2 diabetes?

A

Eating healthy food that are low in calories and high in fibre
Engage in more physical activities
Avoid long periods of inactivity
Maintaining a healthy body weight based on age and height

54
Q

Why does physical activity help to control a person’s weight?

A

Activity uses up the excess glucose to provide energy for muscular contractions
Enable the liver and muscle cells to be more sensitive to insulin

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