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bio chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens in cellular respiration

A

oxygen is consumed as glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O; the cell captures the energy released in ATP

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2
Q

where does cellular respiration take place

A

the mitochondria

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3
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells

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4
Q

what is the fundamental function of cellular respiration

A

generating ATP or cellular work

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5
Q

what are the reactants of cellular respiration

A

sugar and oxygen

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6
Q

what are the products of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic; them chemical energy of the bonds in glucose is released and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP

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8
Q

how is energy released in cellular respiration

A

a controlled descent of electrons; energy is released in small amounts that can be stored in the chemical bonds of ATP

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9
Q

what reactant is oxidized

A

glucose; loses hydrogen atoms (electrons) as it is oxidized to CO2;

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10
Q

what reactant is reduced

A

oxygen; gains hydrogen atoms (electrons) as it is reduced to h2o

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11
Q

what is the role of NAD+

A

use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions

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12
Q

how is breathing related to cellular respiration

A

in breathing, CO2 and O2 are exchanged between your lungs and the air. In cellular respiration, cells use the O2 obtained through breathing to break down fuel, releasing CO2 as a waste product

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13
Q

how many ATP molecules are generally produced from each molecule of glucose

A

32

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14
Q

what is a kilocalorie

A

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree celsius

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15
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

the movement of electrons from one molecule to another

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16
Q

why do oxidation and reduction always go together

A

because an electron transfer requires both an acceptor and a donor

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17
Q

why do hydrogen movements represent electron transfers

A

because each hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton

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18
Q

what happens to electrons as they pass from glucose to oxygen

A

they lose potential energy

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19
Q

is NAD+ oxidized or reduced

A

reduced; accepts electrons and becomes NADH

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20
Q

what are the three main stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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21
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

the cytoplasm

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22
Q

what is the major function of glycolysis

A

breaks glucose into 2 molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate

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23
Q

where does the oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle take place

A

the fluid matrix of the mitochondria

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24
Q

what happens when pyruvate is oxidized

A

it becomes a 2 carbon compound

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25
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do

A

completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2

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26
Q

what is the main function of the first two stages of cellular respiration

A

to supply the third stage with electrons

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27
Q

what happens in chemiosmosis

A

the potential energy of the concentration gradient is used to make ATP

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28
Q

what does glycolysis begin with

A

a single molecule of glucose

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29
Q

what does glycolysis end with

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

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30
Q

what process is ATP formed by in glycolysis

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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31
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP

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32
Q

how is glycolysis a metabolic pathway

A

each chemical step leads to the next one

ex: glucose 6-phosphate is the product of step 1 and the reactant for step 2

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33
Q

what is an intermediate

A

compounds that form between the initial reactant and final product

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34
Q

what are the 2 main phases of glycolysis

A

the energy investment phase

the energy pay off stage

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35
Q

what happens in the energy investment stage

A

ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule that is split into two sugars that are now primed to release energy

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36
Q

what happens in the energy payoff stage

A

2 NADH and 4 atp molecules are generated

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37
Q

how many molecules of ATP does one molecule of glucose need to make two molecules of G3P

A

2

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38
Q

how many phosphate groups and carbons does a G3P molecule have

A

1 phosphate 3 carbons

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39
Q

one molecule of G3P goes through a series of enzymatic reactions to ultimately make one molecule of what

A

pyruvate

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40
Q

what is the name of the hydrogen carrier used in glycolysis

A

NADH

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41
Q

what is the redox reaction that occurs during glycolysis with regard to the hydrogen carrier

A

NAD+ + H+ –> NADH

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42
Q

how many carbons does one molecule of pyruvate have

A

3

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43
Q

how many molecules of ATP are generated in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

4

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44
Q

what is the net gain from glycolysis of one glucose molecule of molecules of ATP

A

2

45
Q

what is the net gain from glycolysis of one glucose molecule of molecules of NADH

A

2

46
Q

what is the net gain from glycolysis of one glucose molecule of molecules of pyruvate

A

2

47
Q

what is the net gain from glycolysis of one glucose molecule of molecules of water

A

2

48
Q

what is the chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

sugar + oxygen –> CO2 + water + energy

49
Q

what reactant in cellular respiration is oxidized

A

glucose

50
Q

what reactant in cellular respiration is reduced

A

oxygen

51
Q

what reactant is used during glycolysis

A

sugar

52
Q

what product is formed during glycolysis

A

water

53
Q

what does anaerobic mean

A

doesnt require oxygen

54
Q

what does aerobic mean

A

requires oxygen

55
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

56
Q

what happens when pyruvate is oxidized

A
  1. a carboxyl group is removed from private and given off as a molecule of CO2
  2. the 2-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
  3. a compound called coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form a molecule called acetyl CoA
57
Q

how many molecules of pyruvate are oxidized for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis

A

2

58
Q

how many molecules of acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis

A

2

59
Q

what part part of acetyl CoA actually enters the citric acid cycle

A

the 2-carbon acetyl part; coenzyme A splits off and is recycled

60
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

the fluid matrix of the mitochondria

61
Q

why is the krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle

A

the first compound made in the cycle is the 6 carbon compound called citrate

62
Q

how many ATP are made from one krebs cycle (1 pyruvic acid)

A

1

63
Q

how many NADH molecules are made from one krebs cycle/pyruvate oxidation (1 pyruvic acid)

A

4

64
Q

how many FADH2 molecules are made from one krebs cycle (1 pyruvic acid)

A

1

65
Q

what does a cell have to do to be able to harvest the energy stored in NADH and FADH2

A

shut their high energy electrons to an electron transport chain

66
Q

what happens in the electron transport chain

A

the energy from the oxidation of organic molecules is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

67
Q

what begins the citric acid cycle

A

enzymes strip the CoA portion from acetyl CoA and combine the remaining two carbon acetyl group with the 4 carbon molecule oxaloacetate, which is already present in the mitochondrion; this creates the 6 carbon molecule citrate

68
Q

how is energy from the acetyl group harvested

A

successive redox reactions; hydrogen atoms are stripped from organic acid intermediates and given to NAD+ to produce energy-laden NADH molecules

69
Q

how many CO2 are produced in one krebs cycle

A

2

70
Q

how many ATP are produced in one krebs cycle

A

1

71
Q

what is present at the end of the citric acid cycle

A

the 4 carbon molecule oxaloacetate; it is regenerated and is ready for another cycle to start

72
Q

how are FADH2 and NADH produced in the citric acid cycle

A

they are reduced by redox reactions from FAD to FADH2 and from NAD+ to NADH

73
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur in the cell

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

74
Q

what are the two carrier molecules that are the source of electrons for the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

75
Q

what is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain

A

oxygen

76
Q

how many protein complexes are involved in the ETC

A

4, where most of the carrier molecules are

77
Q

how many mobile carriers transport electrons between protein complexes in the ETC

A

2

78
Q

in what direction are electrons passed through the ETC

A

down the energy staircase; energy is released

79
Q

how do the protein complexes use the energy released from the electron transfers down the ETC

A

three of them use the energy released from the electron transfers to actively transport H+ across the membrane from where H+ is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated

80
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

a process that uses energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis

81
Q

how does chemiosmosis work

A

the H+ gradient stores potential energy. this energy drives h+ ions through a channel in ATP synthase. The rush of H+ through the channel spins a component of the complex, activating catalytic sites that attach phosphate groups to ADP to generate ATP

82
Q

how do many proteins produce their deadly affects

A

by interfering with some of the events in cellular respiration

83
Q

what reactant is used in the ETC and what product is made

A

oxygen is used, water is made

84
Q

what are three places where different categories of poisons obstruct the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. blocking the electron transport chain; ex: rotenone binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the first protein complex, which prevents electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule, ultimately preventing ATP synthesis and essentially starving a cell of energy; ex: cyanide and CO2 bind to an electron carrier in the 4th protein complex where they block the passage of electrons to oxygen. this means electrons can no longer flow, so no H+ gradient will be generated, so no ATP can be made
  2. inhibiting ATP synthesis; ex: oligomycin (used on the skin to combat fungal infections) blocks the passage of H+ through the channel in ATP synthase, preventing fungal cells from making ATP and thereby killing them (does not harm human cells bc it cant get through our outer layer of skin)
  3. make the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to h+ ions; called uncouplers; electron transport continues as normally, but ATP cannot be made bc leakage of H+ through the membrane destroys the H+ gradient. cells continue to burn fuel and consume oxygen, but without making ATP; ex: DNP - all steps of cellular respiration proceed as normal except chemiosmosis and almost all energy is lost as heat
85
Q

what is brown fat and how does it help hibernating organisms

A

an adaptation found in hibernating mammals and newborn babies. it’s cells are full of mitochondria and the inner mitochondrial membrane has an uncoupling protein that allows H+ ions to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP. Instead there is ongoing oxidation of stored fuel stores and the generation of heat, which protects hibernating mammals and newborns from dangerous drops in body temp

86
Q

when is brown fat more active in adults

A

in colder weather and in people who are skinnier; suggests that brown fat may cause lean people to burn calories faster; these tissues could be targeted for obesity-fighting drugs

87
Q

how many ATP are made in glycolysis and the krebs cycle combined

A

4

88
Q

how many ATP are made in oxidative phosphorylation

A

about 28

89
Q

what is the total yield of ATP molecules per glucose

A

about 32

90
Q

why is the exact number of ATP created in CR not known

A
  • bc FADH2 adds its electrons later in the ETC, it contributes less to the H+ gradient and generates less ATP
  • some energy of the H+ gradient may be used for work other than ATP production, such as the active transport of pyruvate into the mitochondrion
91
Q

what % of a glucose’s potential energy can be harvested by the cell

A

about 34%

92
Q

why does the ATP yield depend on an adequate supply of oxygen to the cell

A

bc most of the ATP generated by cellular respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation; without oxygen as the final electron acceptor, election transport and ATP production will stop

93
Q

what is fermentation

A

a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen

94
Q

what is the metabolic pathway that generates ATP during fermentation

A

glycolysis

95
Q

what must be present in order to oxidize glucose in glycolysis

A

NAD+ as an electron acceptor

96
Q

how is there always NAD+ present for glycolysis under aerobic conditions

A

the cell regenerates its pool of NAD+ when NADH passes its electrons into the mitochondrion to the ETC

97
Q

how is there NAD+ present under anaerobic conditions

A

fermentation provides an anabolic path for recycling NADH back to NAD+

98
Q

what happens in lactic acid fermentation

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the lactate is carried in the blood to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized in the mitochondria of liver cells

99
Q

when can muscle cells switch to lactic acid fermentation

A

when the need for ATP outpaces the delivery of oxygen via the bloodstream

100
Q

how does the dairy industry use lactic acid fermentation by bacteria

A

to make cheese and yogurt

101
Q

what happens in alcohol fermentation

A

yeasts and certain bacteria recycle the NADH made in glycolysis back to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

102
Q

what is alcohol fermentation used for

A

brewing, winemaking, baking

103
Q

can fermentation and cellular respiration happen simultaneously

A

yes

104
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

many prokaryotes that live in stagnant ponds and in deep soil that require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen

105
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

can make ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available; if O2 is available, the organism will always use aerobic respiration bc its more productive; ex: yeast and many other bacteria

106
Q

are our muscle cells obligate anaerobes or facultative anaerobes

A

facultative

107
Q

why are yeasts grown anaerobically to make wine and beer (why are the vats of beer and wine designed to keep air out)

A

so they will ferment sugars and produce ethanol because if there is any o2 present, they will use cellular respiration instead because it creates more energy

108
Q

what are some characteristics of glycolysis that indicate it is an ancient metabolic pathway

A
  • occurs universally (functions in both fermentation and respiration)
  • does not require oxygen
  • dose not occur in a membrane bound organelle

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