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Bio > bio ch 10 > Flashcards

bio ch 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who discovered that there is the same amount of A and T and C and G

A

Chargraff

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2
Q

who discovered that genetic material is DNA not protein

A

Hershey and Chase

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3
Q

who discovered that DNA has a double helix structure by using x-ray diffraction patterns

A

Rosalind Franklin

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4
Q

who published the structure and took credit for what rosalind discovered

A

watson and crick

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5
Q

what are DNA and RNA made of

A

nucleic acids

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6
Q

what are nucleic acids made of

A

long chains of nucleotides

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7
Q

how are the phosphate and sugar molecules joined together in the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

covalent bonds

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8
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

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9
Q

how are nucleotides joined together

A

covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next

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10
Q

what are the structural differences of dna vs rna

A

RNA’s sugar has an OH group attached to one of its C atoms and it has uracil instead of thymine

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11
Q

why is the model for DNA replication known as semi-conservative replication

A

bc half the parent model is maintained (conserved) in each daughter molecule

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12
Q

which are the enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase

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13
Q

which enzyme links the Okazaki fragments together into a single DNA strand

A

DNA ligase

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14
Q

which end of the strand does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to

A

3 prime

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15
Q

what is the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously called

A

the leading strand

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16
Q

what is the daughter strand that is synthesized in fragments called

A

the lagging strand

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17
Q

what are the fragments on the lagging strand called

A

okazaki fragments

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18
Q

what does DNA polymerase do besides adding nucleotides to the DNA chain

A

Proofreads –> removes nucleotides that have base-paired incorrectly during replication

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19
Q

does DNA have to replicate before it divides

A

yes

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20
Q

what is an organism’s genotype

A

its genetic makeup

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21
Q

what is an organism’s phenotype

A

its physical traits

22
Q

what is transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

23
Q

what is translation

A

the synthesis of a protein under the direction of RNA

24
Q

what is the one gene polypeptide hypothesis

A

the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a polypeptide

25
Q

in what way does information within the cell flow

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

26
Q

what is the triplet code

A

the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of non overlapping three-base “words” called codons

27
Q

what is the genetic code

A

the set of rules that relate codons in RNA to amino acids in proteins

28
Q

what enzyme joins RNA nucleotides together

A

RNA Polymerase

29
Q

where does transcription take place

A

the nucleus

30
Q

what is a promoter

A

a specific biding site for RNA polymerase and determines which of the 2 strands of the dna double helix is used as the template in transcription

31
Q

what kind of RNA encodes amino acid sequences

A

mRNA

32
Q

what happens to eukaryotic transcripts before they leave the nucleus as mRNA

A

they are processed in several ways

33
Q

what are some of the ways mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus

A

caps and tails are added to the ends to facilitate the export, protect the mRNA, and help ribosomes bind to the mRNA
RNA splicing

34
Q

what is RNA splicing

A

the process that removes introns from RNA and joins the exons to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

35
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A

INITIATION: RNA polymerase attaches to promoter-a binding site (chooses which DNA strand to read and signals the beginning of a gene)
ELONGATION: RNA strand is made and peels away from DNA strand
TERMINATION: RNA polymerase reaches the terminator (signals the end of the gene)

36
Q

what is transfer RNA

A

converts codons to amino acids

37
Q

what two parts of tRNA give it its ability to match a particular codon in mRNA to its corresponding amino acid

A

the anticodon and the amino acid attachment site

38
Q

what is the function of rRNA

A

ribosomes hold the mRNA and tRNA close together, and connects amino acids from the tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain

39
Q

what are the 3 phases of translation

A

initiation, elongation, termination

40
Q

what are the steps of translation initiation

A

an mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit. A special initiator tRNA binds to the specific codon, called a start codon, where translation begins on the mRNA molecule. the initiator tRNA carries the amino acid Met; its anticodon binds to the start codon. next, a large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a functional ribosome. the initiator tRNA fits into one of the 2 tRNA binding binding sites on the ribosome called the p site. this site will hold the growing polypeptide. the other tRNA binding site - the A site - is vacant and is ready for the next amino acid bearing tRNA

41
Q

what are the steps of translation elongation

A
  1. codon recognition - the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome
  2. peptide bond formation - the polypeptide separates form the tRNA in the P site and attaches by a new peptide bond to the amino acid carried by the tRNA in the A site
  3. Translocation - the P site tRNA now leaves the ribosome and the ribosome moves the remaining tRNA in the A site to the P site
42
Q

what is the termination step of translation

A

when elongation stops when a stop codon reaches the A site

43
Q

describe amino acid attachment

A

each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP

44
Q

what is a mutation

A

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

45
Q

what is point mutation

A

when a base is substituted for another

46
Q

what are the types of point mutations

A

silent, missense, and nonsense

47
Q

what is a silent mutation

A

a substitution that does not change the protein produced because the new codon still ends up coding for the same amino acid

48
Q

what is a missense mutation

A

a substitution that changes the amino acid coding
some have little or no effect on the on the shape/function of the resulting protein, but others prevent the protein from performing its normal function

49
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

a substitution that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, which will prematurely terminate the protein

50
Q

what is a frameshift mutation

A

when nucleotides are added or deleted and the whole sequence is altered

51
Q

what is a mutagen

A

chemicals or agents that cause mutations
ex: x rays or uv light, the anti-aids drug AZT which works bc its structure is similar enough to thymine that it gets put into DNA but then that DNA cant be replicated

Bio (9 decks)

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