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Bio > Bio Ch 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 2 and 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cohesion

A

the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together - this is strong in water bc of H bonds

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2
Q

what is an example of cohesion

A

trees use it to transport water and nutrients from their roots to their leaves

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3
Q

what is adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another

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4
Q

what is an example of adhesion

A

the adhesion of water to the cell walls of a plant’s thin veins helps counter the downward pull of gravity

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5
Q

what is surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

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6
Q

describe water’s surface tension

A

unusually high

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7
Q

why does water have a high surface tension

A

bc of its ability to h bond

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8
Q

what abilities does h bonding give to water

A
  • strong cohesion
  • strong adhesion
  • high surface tension
  • stronger resistance to temperature change
  • less dense as solid than liquid
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9
Q

how does h bonding give water a strong resistance to temperature change

A

heat must be absorbed to break h bonds and heat must be released to make h bonds - thus, it takes a lot of energy (heat) to raise water even a few degrees

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10
Q

what is evaporative cooling

A

when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas, the surface of the liquid that is left behind (not evaporated) is cooler - this happens bc the hottest molecules are the ones that have enough energy to evaporate

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11
Q

what is a solution

A

a liquid of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

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12
Q

what is a solvent

A

dissolving agent (usually water)

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13
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that is dissolved

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14
Q

what is an aqueous solution

A

one where water is the solvent

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15
Q

what is an acid

A

a compound that donates H+ to solutions

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16
Q

what is a base

A

a compound that accepts H+ ions

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17
Q

what are buffers

A

substances that resist change in pH by accepting or donating H+

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18
Q

what is acid precipitation

A

precipitation with a pH less than 5.2

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19
Q

what is ocean acidification

A

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH

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20
Q

most of the unique properties of water result from the fact that water molecules are…

A

polar and form h bonds

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21
Q

Why do water molecules form h bonds

A

H2O molecules are polar, with oxygen pulling the electrons closer to it, leaving each H feeling very positive. These positive H’s want something negative, so they look for the most electronegative elements, N, O , or F. Water can h bond with itself bc it has both H and O

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22
Q

what are two ways that the water in your body helps stabilize your body temp

A

evaporative cooling and h bonds make the water in your body resistant to temp change bc it takes a lot of energy to break h bonds and increase temp

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23
Q

what are organic compounds

A

carbon-based molecules

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24
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compounds composed of only H and C

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25
Q

what is the chain of carbons in an organic mlc called

A

a carbon skeleton

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26
Q

what is an isomer

A

compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

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27
Q

what is hydrophilic

A

water-loving

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28
Q

what is a hydroxyl group

A

consists of a hydroxide ion

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29
Q

what is a carboxyl group

A

a carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group
acts as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution and becomes ionized

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30
Q

what is a carbonyl group

A

a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

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31
Q

what is an amino group

A

a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton

acts as a base picking up an H+ from solution

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32
Q

what is a phosphate group

A

consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygens

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33
Q

what is a methyl group

A

consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens

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34
Q

what are the 4 main classes of molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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35
Q

what are macromolecules

A

giant molecules made by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers

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36
Q

what is a polymer

A

a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together

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37
Q

what is a monomer

A

a building block of polymers

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38
Q

How do monomers form polymers

A

dehydration

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39
Q

what is a dehydration reaction

A

a reaction that removes a molecule of water

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40
Q

how do your cells break polymers into monomers

A

hydrolysis

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41
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

a reaction that adds a molecule of water

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42
Q

what are enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

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43
Q

what are the 4 common characteristics of organic molecules

A
  • all carbon based
  • formed from a few elements joined together into small molecules which join together into big molecules
  • built from a single type of building block
  • their form determines their function
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44
Q

what is the building block of carbohydrates

A

a single sugar

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45
Q

what are the carbohydrate monomers

A

monosaccharides (single-unit sugars)

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46
Q

are monosaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

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47
Q

what are the 3 main sugars all carbohydrates are made of

A

fructose, glucose, and galactose

48
Q

what is special about glucose and fructose

A

they are isomers

49
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharide monomers joined together by dehydration

50
Q

what are some examples of disaccharides

A

lactose (combo of glucose and galactose)
sucrose (combo of glucose and fructose)
maltose (combo of 2 glucose)

51
Q

what are the elements contained in carbohydrates

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen

52
Q

what does a monosaccharide look like

A

a ring

53
Q

what are simple sugars

A

mono and disaccharides

54
Q

what are simple carbohydrates

A

mono and disaccharides

55
Q

what do simple carbohydrates do

A

raise glycemic index quickly and higher

56
Q

what is glycemic index

A

measures sugar in your blood and your insulin response

57
Q

what are some high GI foods

A

corn, doughnuts, popcorn, soda

58
Q

what are some medium GI foods

A

ice cream, mangos, bread

59
Q

what are some low GI foods

A

apples, bananas, milk

60
Q

is glucose les evil than fructose?

A

jury is still out, but the overconsumption of sugar or HFCS along with dietary fat and decreased physical activity do contribute to weight gain

61
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

more than 2 monosaccharides joined together

62
Q

what are the 3 main types of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

63
Q

what is starch made of

A

entirely of glucose monomers; also has a helix shape

64
Q

what is the job of a starch

A

used in food storage in plants

65
Q

what is the job of a glycogen

A

food storage in animals; branched

66
Q

what is cellulose used for

A

structural support in plants; cannot be digested by animas (fiber)
unbranched; held together by H bonds

67
Q

how do sugar substitutes work

A

bind to receptors on the tongue and trick the brain into thinking they are sweet

68
Q

what are some examples of sugar substitutes

A

aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, neotame

69
Q

what are complex carbs

A

polysaccharides; slower and lower GI response

70
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

71
Q

what do lipids mainly consist of

A

carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds

72
Q

what is the function of lipids

A

long term storage of energy in the body

73
Q

what is the building block of lipids

A

fatty acid

74
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

75
Q

what is a fat

A

a large lipid made from fatty acids and glycerol

76
Q

what are the 3 different kinds of fats

A

unsaturated, saturated, and trans

77
Q

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fats

A

has double bonds, so less hydrogens –> prevents fats from packing together and solidifying at room temp, healthier

78
Q

what are some examples of unsaturated fats

A

corn oil, vegetable oils, olive oils

79
Q

what are the characteristics of saturated fats

A

no double bonds –> pack closely together, making them solid at room temp, not healthy

80
Q

what are some examples of saturated fats

A

most animal fats, butter

81
Q

what are trans fats

A

unsaturated fats but behave like saturated fats

82
Q

what are phospholipids

A

major components of cell membranes; contain phosphorus and 2 fatty acids

83
Q

what is the difference between phospholipids and fats

A

P has 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3

84
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

Build up of fat in the form of plaque on the walls of your arteries (Saturated and trans fats)

85
Q

what are waxes

A

consist of a fatty acid and an alcohol (cover fruit to protect them)

86
Q

what are steroids

A

lipids that consist of 4 fused rings; cholesterol used to make other steroids

87
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone

88
Q

what do anabolic steroids do

A

build up muscle and bone mass

89
Q

what can steroid abuse do

A

lead to rage, heart disease, infertility, cancers, and depression

90
Q

what is THG

A

steroid drug that went undetected by the urine test

91
Q

what is the function of proteins

A

form muscles, transport O2, act as hormones and enzymes, determine how our bodies look and function

92
Q

what is the building block of proteins

A

amino acids

93
Q

what is the name of the bond that joins amino acids

A

peptide bond

94
Q

what is it called when groups of amino acids are joined together

A

an protein

95
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

96
Q

what are all amino acids made of

A

an amino group and a carboxyl group

97
Q

what makes one amino acid unique from any others

A

the “r” group

98
Q

what does the r group in an amino acid determine

A

the specific properties - the shape and function, whether it will be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, etc

99
Q

what is it called when 2 amino acids join together

A

a dipeptide

100
Q

what is a chain of amino acids called

A

a polypeptide

101
Q

what is a protein

A

one or more polypeptide chains precisely coiled, twisted, and folded into a unique, 3 dimensional shape

102
Q

what is denaturation

A

proteins lose their shape and unravel depending on changes in
pH
Salt concentration
temperature

103
Q

what is important about protein shape

A

Must have the correct shape to react with a particular molecule to cause a reaction

104
Q

what are the 4 shapes of proteins

A

Primary-straight chain sequence of aa
Secondary-coils in either and alpha helix or pleated sheet formation
Tertiary-3D has both alpha helix and pleated sheets
Quartenary-two or more polypeptide chains

105
Q

what could happen if proteins fold incorrectly

A

alzheimers, parkinsons

106
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

107
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

108
Q

what is the role of DNA

A

contains instructions on how to make proteins

109
Q

what is the role of RNA

A

makes a copy of the DNA strand and carries it to the protein-building machinery of the cell

110
Q

what are the 3 parts to nucleic acids

A

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base

111
Q

what are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

112
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
uracil

113
Q

what is the backbone of DNA/RNA made of

A

an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone - the nitrogenous bases go in the middle and connect each backbone

114
Q

what shape is RNA

A

a single polynucleotide strand

115
Q

what shape is DNA

A

a double helix

116
Q

which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA

A

A-T, C-G

117
Q

which nitrogenous bases pair together in RNA

A

A-U, C-G

Bio (9 decks)

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