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Bio Ch 2 and 3 Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

What is cohesion

A

the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together - this is strong in water bc of H bonds

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2
Q

what is an example of cohesion

A

trees use it to transport water and nutrients from their roots to their leaves

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3
Q

what is adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another

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4
Q

what is an example of adhesion

A

the adhesion of water to the cell walls of a plant’s thin veins helps counter the downward pull of gravity

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5
Q

what is surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

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6
Q

describe water’s surface tension

A

unusually high

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7
Q

why does water have a high surface tension

A

bc of its ability to h bond

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8
Q

what abilities does h bonding give to water

A
  • strong cohesion
  • strong adhesion
  • high surface tension
  • stronger resistance to temperature change
  • less dense as solid than liquid
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9
Q

how does h bonding give water a strong resistance to temperature change

A

heat must be absorbed to break h bonds and heat must be released to make h bonds - thus, it takes a lot of energy (heat) to raise water even a few degrees

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10
Q

what is evaporative cooling

A

when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas, the surface of the liquid that is left behind (not evaporated) is cooler - this happens bc the hottest molecules are the ones that have enough energy to evaporate

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11
Q

what is a solution

A

a liquid of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

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12
Q

what is a solvent

A

dissolving agent (usually water)

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13
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that is dissolved

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14
Q

what is an aqueous solution

A

one where water is the solvent

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15
Q

what is an acid

A

a compound that donates H+ to solutions

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16
Q

what is a base

A

a compound that accepts H+ ions

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17
Q

what are buffers

A

substances that resist change in pH by accepting or donating H+

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18
Q

what is acid precipitation

A

precipitation with a pH less than 5.2

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19
Q

what is ocean acidification

A

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH

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20
Q

most of the unique properties of water result from the fact that water molecules are…

A

polar and form h bonds

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21
Q

Why do water molecules form h bonds

A

H2O molecules are polar, with oxygen pulling the electrons closer to it, leaving each H feeling very positive. These positive H’s want something negative, so they look for the most electronegative elements, N, O , or F. Water can h bond with itself bc it has both H and O

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22
Q

what are two ways that the water in your body helps stabilize your body temp

A

evaporative cooling and h bonds make the water in your body resistant to temp change bc it takes a lot of energy to break h bonds and increase temp

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23
Q

what are organic compounds

A

carbon-based molecules

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24
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compounds composed of only H and C

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25
what is the chain of carbons in an organic mlc called
a carbon skeleton
26
what is an isomer
compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements
27
what is hydrophilic
water-loving
28
what is a hydroxyl group
consists of a hydroxide ion
29
what is a carboxyl group
a carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group acts as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution and becomes ionized
30
what is a carbonyl group
a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
31
what is an amino group
a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton | acts as a base picking up an H+ from solution
32
what is a phosphate group
consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms | usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygens
33
what is a methyl group
consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens
34
what are the 4 main classes of molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
35
what are macromolecules
giant molecules made by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers
36
what is a polymer
a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together
37
what is a monomer
a building block of polymers
38
How do monomers form polymers
dehydration
39
what is a dehydration reaction
a reaction that removes a molecule of water
40
how do your cells break polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
41
what is hydrolysis
a reaction that adds a molecule of water
42
what are enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
43
what are the 4 common characteristics of organic molecules
- all carbon based - formed from a few elements joined together into small molecules which join together into big molecules - built from a single type of building block - their form determines their function
44
what is the building block of carbohydrates
a single sugar
45
what are the carbohydrate monomers
monosaccharides (single-unit sugars)
46
are monosaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
47
what are the 3 main sugars all carbohydrates are made of
fructose, glucose, and galactose
48
what is special about glucose and fructose
they are isomers
49
what is a disaccharide
2 monosaccharide monomers joined together by dehydration
50
what are some examples of disaccharides
lactose (combo of glucose and galactose) sucrose (combo of glucose and fructose) maltose (combo of 2 glucose)
51
what are the elements contained in carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen
52
what does a monosaccharide look like
a ring
53
what are simple sugars
mono and disaccharides
54
what are simple carbohydrates
mono and disaccharides
55
what do simple carbohydrates do
raise glycemic index quickly and higher
56
what is glycemic index
measures sugar in your blood and your insulin response
57
what are some high GI foods
corn, doughnuts, popcorn, soda
58
what are some medium GI foods
ice cream, mangos, bread
59
what are some low GI foods
apples, bananas, milk
60
is glucose les evil than fructose?
jury is still out, but the overconsumption of sugar or HFCS along with dietary fat and decreased physical activity do contribute to weight gain
61
What is a polysaccharide
more than 2 monosaccharides joined together
62
what are the 3 main types of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
63
what is starch made of
entirely of glucose monomers; also has a helix shape
64
what is the job of a starch
used in food storage in plants
65
what is the job of a glycogen
food storage in animals; branched
66
what is cellulose used for
structural support in plants; cannot be digested by animas (fiber) unbranched; held together by H bonds
67
how do sugar substitutes work
bind to receptors on the tongue and trick the brain into thinking they are sweet
68
what are some examples of sugar substitutes
aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, neotame
69
what are complex carbs
polysaccharides; slower and lower GI response
70
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
71
what do lipids mainly consist of
carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds
72
what is the function of lipids
long term storage of energy in the body
73
what is the building block of lipids
fatty acid
74
what are the 3 types of lipids
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
75
what is a fat
a large lipid made from fatty acids and glycerol
76
what are the 3 different kinds of fats
unsaturated, saturated, and trans
77
what are the characteristics of unsaturated fats
has double bonds, so less hydrogens --> prevents fats from packing together and solidifying at room temp, healthier
78
what are some examples of unsaturated fats
corn oil, vegetable oils, olive oils
79
what are the characteristics of saturated fats
no double bonds --> pack closely together, making them solid at room temp, not healthy
80
what are some examples of saturated fats
most animal fats, butter
81
what are trans fats
unsaturated fats but behave like saturated fats
82
what are phospholipids
major components of cell membranes; contain phosphorus and 2 fatty acids
83
what is the difference between phospholipids and fats
P has 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3
84
what is arteriosclerosis
Build up of fat in the form of plaque on the walls of your arteries (Saturated and trans fats)
85
what are waxes
consist of a fatty acid and an alcohol (cover fruit to protect them)
86
what are steroids
lipids that consist of 4 fused rings; cholesterol used to make other steroids
87
what are anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone
88
what do anabolic steroids do
build up muscle and bone mass
89
what can steroid abuse do
lead to rage, heart disease, infertility, cancers, and depression
90
what is THG
steroid drug that went undetected by the urine test
91
what is the function of proteins
form muscles, transport O2, act as hormones and enzymes, determine how our bodies look and function
92
what is the building block of proteins
amino acids
93
what is the name of the bond that joins amino acids
peptide bond
94
what is it called when groups of amino acids are joined together
an protein
95
how many different amino acids are there
20
96
what are all amino acids made of
an amino group and a carboxyl group
97
what makes one amino acid unique from any others
the "r" group
98
what does the r group in an amino acid determine
the specific properties - the shape and function, whether it will be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, etc
99
what is it called when 2 amino acids join together
a dipeptide
100
what is a chain of amino acids called
a polypeptide
101
what is a protein
one or more polypeptide chains precisely coiled, twisted, and folded into a unique, 3 dimensional shape
102
what is denaturation
proteins lose their shape and unravel depending on changes in pH Salt concentration temperature
103
what is important about protein shape
Must have the correct shape to react with a particular molecule to cause a reaction
104
what are the 4 shapes of proteins
Primary-straight chain sequence of aa Secondary-coils in either and alpha helix or pleated sheet formation Tertiary-3D has both alpha helix and pleated sheets Quartenary-two or more polypeptide chains
105
what could happen if proteins fold incorrectly
alzheimers, parkinsons
106
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
107
what are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
108
what is the role of DNA
contains instructions on how to make proteins
109
what is the role of RNA
makes a copy of the DNA strand and carries it to the protein-building machinery of the cell
110
what are the 3 parts to nucleic acids
5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base
111
what are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
112
what are the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA
Adenine Cytosine Guanine uracil
113
what is the backbone of DNA/RNA made of
an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone - the nitrogenous bases go in the middle and connect each backbone
114
what shape is RNA
a single polynucleotide strand
115
what shape is DNA
a double helix
116
which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA
A-T, C-G
117
which nitrogenous bases pair together in RNA
A-U, C-G

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