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Bio > Bio Ch 4 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who was robert hooke

A

discovered the cell in 1665

known as the renaissance man of the 17th century

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2
Q

who developed the cell theory

A

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

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3
Q

what is the cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms consist of one of more cell
  2. some cells are unicellular, so cells are the fundamental unit of life
  3. new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division
  4. cells must show all the properties of life
  5. all cells are basically similar in chemical and structural composition
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4
Q

what are the 3 types of microscopes

A
  1. compound light 2. dissecting 3. electron
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5
Q

what characterizes prokaryotes

A
  • single cell
  • bacteria
  • no nucleus
  • contains DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, and cell membrane
  • smaller than plant or animal cell
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6
Q

what characterizes eukaryotic cells

A
  • multicellular
  • animal, plant, protists, and fungi
  • contain cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and membrane-bound organelles
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7
Q

which organelles help with genetic control

A

nucleus and ribosomes

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8
Q

which organelles help with metabolism

A

ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes

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9
Q

which organelles help with energy processing

A

mitochondria (all) and chloroplasts (plant)

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10
Q

which organelles help with structural support, movement, and communication

A

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall

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11
Q

what do both animal and plant cells have

A

mitochondria, golgi, rough and smooth ER, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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12
Q

what is unique to animal cells compared to plant cells

A

no cell wall, small or no vacuole, no chloroplasts, flagella

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13
Q

what is unique to plant cells compared to animal cells

A

cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts, flagella only in something

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14
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

forms a flexible boundary between the living cells and its surroundings

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15
Q

how does the form of plasma membrane help its function

A

its super thin, which allows it to regulate the flow of material into and out of the cell

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16
Q

what is the function of the central vacuole

A

only found in plants, it stores water and a variety of chemicals

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17
Q

what are the parts of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

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18
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

contains the cell’s DNA which directs all the cell’s activities and protein synthesis; it houses and copies DNA and passes it on to daughter cells in cell division, builds ribosomal subunits, transcribes DNA instructions into RNA which controls the cell’s functions

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19
Q

what does the chromatin in the nucleus do

A

it has the DNA attached to it

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20
Q

what does the nuclear envelope do

A

porous membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls the flow of materials in and out

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21
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

made of RNA and proteins; contains parts that make up the ribosomes

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22
Q

where are ribosomes made

A

in the nucleolus

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23
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

clusters of proteins and nucleic acids

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24
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

carry out the commands of the nucleus; construct proteins

25
Q

when are ribosomes free

A

when they are found in the cytoplasm

26
Q

when are ribosomes bound

A

when they are attached to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope

27
Q

what do ribosomes in the ER do

A

make proteins for membranes

28
Q

what do ribosomes in cytoplasm do

A

make enzymes and other proteins

29
Q

what does the endomembrane system do

A

uses connected membranes or vesicles to transport

30
Q

what makes up the endomembrane system

A

ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes

31
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranes made of tubes and sacs continuous from the nuclear envelope

32
Q

what is the function of smooth ER

A

makes lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids like sex hormones); detoxifies harmful substances (can grow in response to some drugs to increase the rate of detoxification); stores calcium for muscle health

33
Q

what does the smooth ER have that allows it to do its job

A

enzymes

34
Q

what does rough ER do

A

make more ER membrane –> it makes proteins that are inserted right into the ER causing it to grow, or these proteins are transported out of the cell into transport vesicles or secreted by the cell to regulate bodily functions

35
Q

how does the form of rough ER help its function

A

has attached ribosomes that produce proteins and enzymes that make more membrane, flattened sacs and tubes allow proteins to move throughout it and into transport vesicles

36
Q

describe the journey of a secretory protein

A
  1. synthesized by the ribosome 2. threaded into the cavity of the rough ER 3. gets folded into its 3D shape 4. when the molecule is ready to leave the ER it is packaged in a transport vesicle. 5. this vesicle buds off from the ER membrane 6. the vesicle carries the protein to the golgi apparatus. 7. from there, a transport vesicle containing the finished molecule makes its way to the plasma membrane and releases its contents from the cell
37
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A

Modifies, stores, and routes proteins and other substances to its destination
receives vesicles from the ER and transports, (enzymes change the chemical structure, then transport the vesicles to some place in the cell or out of the cell by exocytosis) ; releases lysosomes
Processing shipping center of the cell

38
Q

how does the form of the golgi help its function

A

a series of flattened sacs that allows transport vesicles to pass through it and for the protein inside to be modified and finished correctly - one side serves as a receiving doc where vesicles fuse with a golgi sac and the other side gives rise to vesicles which bud off and travel to other sites

39
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

break down large molecules and digest food and secretes these nutrients into cell fluids; breaks down damaged cell parts and recycles them

40
Q

how does the form of lysosomes affect their function

A

contains digestive enzymes that allow it to break down and digest; a sac bound by a membrane that gives those enzymes an acidic environment that also protects them from the rest of the cell

41
Q

what is the function of a food vacuole

A

helps to ingest food; works with lysosomes to break down food and store food

42
Q

how does the form of a food vacuole affect its function

A

it is pinched off of the plasma membrane to encircle food particles when they enter the cell

43
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

Metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system

44
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

Break down fatty acids
Detoxify alcohol and other toxins
Release peroxide which immediately breaks down to become water

45
Q

what do chloroplasts do

A

structure where light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy; only found in plant cells

46
Q

how does the form of chloroplasts determine their function

A

contain green disc-shaped structures called solar packs bc they convert solar energy; has internal membranes that separate the inside into compartments which helps it carry out couples, multistep processes; has inner and outer membrane, stroma, thylakoids, and geranium

47
Q

what does the mitochondria do

A

where cellular respiration occurs; Energy is released from sugars and uses that energy to make ATP; cells use as their main energy source; Found in all eukaryotic cells, including plants and algae

48
Q

how does the form of mitochondria determine its function

A

has 2 membranes around it, protecting the mitochondrial matrix which holds DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes that help speed up cellular respiration; the matrix has bends called cristae that increase surface area which increases the ability to make ATP, which means more energy

49
Q

what are cell walls

A

Found in plants
Much thicker than plasma membrane
Rigid; made of cellulose
Contain plasmodesmata which allow fluids to pass from one cell to the next

50
Q

what are junctions

A

they connect animal cells

51
Q

what are the 3 types of junctions

A

tight (prevent leaking), anchoring (fasten cells together and allow stretching), and gap (allows fluid to pass between cells

52
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleteton

A

provides structural support (organelles don’t just flow freely); interacts with proteins to help the cell move

53
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

54
Q

what do microfilaments do

A

solid rods that form a network inside the cell so it can hold its shape and help it move

55
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

thick strings of proteins; reinforce cell shape and hold cell parts in place; more permanently placed than microfilaments)

56
Q

what do microtubules do

A

straight hollow tubes that support the cell and give cell parts a track to move on

57
Q

what are flagella

A

long thin whiplike structures that contain microtubules that move like a snake allowing the cell to move.

58
Q

what are cilia

A

moves a cell by a back and forth motion of its little microtubules

59
Q

what is the cilia structure

A

9+2 tubule arrangement allows cilia to bend
Microtubules are wrapped in a protein called dynein
receive signals for the cell

Bio (9 decks)

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