BIO CHAPTER 6 Flashcards by Jessica D

Which of the following statements regarding muscle fibers is false?
A) All human muscles contain fast and slow muscle fibers.
B) The proportion of fast and slow fibers is genetically determined.
C) Training usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another.
D) The percentage of each fiber type varies from person to person.
E) Fast fibers are better able to produce ATP anaerobically.

C) Training usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The term anaerobic means 
A) without bacteria. 
B) without ATP. 
C) without CO2. 
D) with O2. 
E) without O2.

E) without O2.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements regarding fast-twitch muscles is false?
A) Fast-twitch muscles are thicker than slow-twitch muscles.
B) Fast-twitch muscles have fewer mitochondria than slow-twitch muscles.
C) Fast-twitch muscles have less myoglobin than slow-twitch muscles.
D) Fast-twitch muscles are better at generating short bursts of power than slow-twitch muscles.
E) Fast-twitch muscles produce more ATP per glucose than slow-twitch muscles.

E) Fast-twitch muscles produce more ATP per glucose than slow-twitch muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
B) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
C) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
D) Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
E) Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis occurs in either mitochondria or chloroplasts.

A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
A) They produce ATP.
B) They produce glucose.
C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.
D) The energy is coupled to oxygen.
E) They store it as thermal energy.

A) They produce ATP.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is
A) lost in the form of heat.
B) created in the form of heat.
C) used to create light.
D) destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made.
E) saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2.

A) lost in the form of heat.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange
B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
C) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen
D) uses glucose . . . produces glucose
E) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange

B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?
A) oxygen and carbon dioxide
B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
C) oxygen and glucose
D) oxygen and energy to make ATP
E) glucose and carbon dioxide

B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?
A) Cellular respiration consumes glucose.
B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.
C) Cellular respiration produces water.
D) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
E) Cellular respiration releases heat.

B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is
A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.
C) C6H12O12 + 3 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
E) C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.

D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true?
A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from
gasoline.
B) Cellular respiration converts all of the energy in glucose into high-energy ATP bonds.
C) Cellular respiration converts the kinetic energy of glucose into chemical energy.
D) The heat produced during cellular respiration is only a tiny fraction of the chemical energy available in a glucose
molecule.
E) Most energy conversion systems are more efficient than cellular respiration.

A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from
gasoline.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Humans use the calories they obtain from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as their source of energy. 
A) food 
B) water 
C) sunlight 
D) minerals 
E) carbon dioxide

A) food

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Humans use about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of their daily calories for involuntary life-sustaining activities such as digestion, circulation, and breathing. 
A) 10% 
B) 25% 
C) 50% 
D) 75% 
E) 90%

D) 75%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A kilocalorie is defined as
A) the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1°C.
B) the quantity of water heat needed to solubilize 1 g of glucose.
C) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
D) the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions.
E) the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise.

C) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving? 
A) 20 
B) 2,000 
C) 20,000 
D) 200,000 
E) 2,000,000

D) 200,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
B) is used to manufacture glucose.
C) is released all at once.
D) is carried by electrons.
E) can be used to oxidize NADH.

D) is carried by electrons.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During redox reactions,
A) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction.
B) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized.
C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.
D) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule.
E) the reduction of a substance does not need to be coupled to the oxidation of another substance.

C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
A) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons
B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons
C) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen
D) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen
E) gain of protons . . . loss of protons

B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is 
A) glucose. 
B) dehydrogenase. 
C) oxygen. 
D) water. 
E) ATP.

B) dehydrogenase.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During cellular respiration, NADH
A) is converted to NAD+ by an enzyme called dehydrogenase.
B) is chemically converted into ATP.
C) is reduced to form NAD+.
D) delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
E) is the final electron acceptor.

D) delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
A) The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity for them.
B) Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water.
C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to another.
D) The carrier molecules are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
E) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

E) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to
A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
B) a canoe going over a waterfall.
C) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.
D) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump.
E) playing Ping-Pong.

A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
B) glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle
C) the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis
D) oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle
E) oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis

A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit
A) the citric acid cycle.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) glycolysis.
D) the formation of alcohol.
E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

``` During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? A) glycolysis B) the citric acid cycle C) "grooming" of pyruvate D) oxidative phosphorylation E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ```

E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

``` Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? A) the citric acid cycle B) oxidative phosphorylation C) chemiosmosis D) glycolysis E) electron transport chain ```

D) glycolysis

``` As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4 E) 36 ```

C) 2

``` How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8 ```

A) 2

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) conversion of FAD to FADH2 B) production of CO2 C) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds D) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) conversion of NADH to NAD+

C) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

``` A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in A) carbon dioxide. B) NADH. C) glucose-6-phosphate. D) pyruvate. E) ATP. ```

C) glucose-6-phosphate.

``` The end products of glycolysis include A) FADH2. B) NADH. C) acetyl CoA. D) citric acid. E) O2. ```

B) NADH.

Pyruvate A) forms at the end of glycolysis. B) is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle. C) is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation. D) is the end product of chemiosmosis. E) is a six-carbon molecule.

A) forms at the end of glycolysis.

Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, A) pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH. B) a carbon atom is added to make a four-carbon compound. C) coenzyme A is cleaved off the four-carbon compound. D) coenzyme A is removed from pyruvate. E) a CO2 molecule is added to pyruvate.

A) pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) The pyruvate molecules are oxidized and two NAD+ are reduced. E) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

E) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

``` Pyruvate is considered a(n) ________ aerobic cellular respiration. A) source of O2 for B) end product of C) intermediate in D) cofactor in E) enzyme in ```

C) intermediate in

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the A) intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. B) outer mitochondrial membrane. C) mitochondrial matrix. D) inner mitochondrial membrane. E) matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.

E) matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.

``` The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except A) CO2. B) pyruvate. C) ATP. D) NADH. E) FADH2. ```

B) pyruvate.

The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom. B) a recycling company, collecting paper and using it to manufacture new products. C) a hamster in its exercise wheel, running quickly but not getting anywhere. D) a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline. E) throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.

A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.

``` A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in A) NADH. B) citrate. C) FADH2. D) oxaloacetic acid. E) CoA. ```

B) citrate.

``` At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in A) CO2. B) pyruvate. C) ATP. D) NADH. E) FADH2. ```

D) NADH.

During chemiosmosis, A) energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase. C) energy is generated by coupling exergonic reactions with other exergonic reactions. D) a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. E) H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.

B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase.

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? A) ATP synthase is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate. C) Electron carriers are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. D) The inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in chemiosmosis. E) A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that A) permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. B) helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. D) carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. E) allows other ions (like Na+) to build up when H+ ions are not available.

C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

``` A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) alcoholic fermentation C) the citric acid cycle D) glycolysis E) biosynthesis ```

A) oxidative phosphorylation

``` If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest A) on the outer membrane. B) on the inner membrane. C) in the cytoplasm. D) in the mitochondrial matrix. E) in the intermembrane space. ```

E) in the intermembrane space.

``` By-products of cellular respiration include A) oxygen and heat. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) carbon dioxide and ATP. D) FADH2 and NADH. E) NADH and ATP. ```

B) carbon dioxide and water.

``` In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is A) an oxygen atom. B) a molecule of carbon dioxide. C) a molecule of water. D) ADP. E) ATP. ```

A) an oxygen atom.

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because A) they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration. B) high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies. C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. D) they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated. E) they will no longer be able to perform chemiosmosis.

C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of electrons through electron carriers. D) cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+ ions. E) cyanide increases the rate of H+ crossing to the intermembrane beyond the capacity to synthesize ATP, while dinitrophenol blocks the transfer electrons from NADH.

B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler.

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? A) Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy. B) Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules. C) Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. D) Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule may yield 32—34 ATP molecules. E) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle.

E) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle.

``` Each FADH2 yields a maximum of ________ ATP, and each NADH yields a maximum of ________ ATP as a result of transferring pairs of electrons to the electron transport chain. A) 3 . . . 2 B) 2 . . . 3 C) 3 . . . 3 D) 1 . . . 3 E) 3 . . . 1 ```

B) 2 . . . 3

``` Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle must occur ________ time(s) per glucose molecule. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 ```

B) 2

The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose A) is equivalent to the yield from alcoholic fermentation. B) is always 38 ATP. C) increases as the supply of oxygen increases. D) can vary with the mechanism used to shuttle NADH electrons into the mitochondrion. E) is less than the yield from anaerobic respiration.

D) can vary with the mechanism used to shuttle NADH electrons into the mitochondrion.

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? A) aerobic respiration B) anaerobic respiration C) alcoholic fermentation D) lactic acid fermentation E) All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose.

A) aerobic respiration

``` In fermentation, ________ is ________. A) NADH . . . reduced B) NAD+ . . . oxidized C) NADH . . . oxidized D) pyruvate . . . oxidized E) ethanol . . . oxidized ```

C) NADH . . . oxidized

When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecule. C) The conversion yields one FADH2 per pyruvate molecule. D) The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ consumed during glycolysis. E) A buildup of pyruvate in the surrounding environment would be too toxic.

D) The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ consumed during glycolysis.

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to A) an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise. B) the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells. C) the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle. D) the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration. E) the excess buildup of carbon monoxide due to inefficient respiration.

B) the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise. B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise. C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function. D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvate. E) the muscles require extremely large amounts of carbon dioxide to function.

A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that A) the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol. B) the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. C) the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol. D) the mixture needs less sugar, because high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by- product of cellular respiration. E) the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source.

B) the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

In yeast cells, A) lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration. B) lactic acid is produced during glycolysis. C) alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle. D) alcohol is produced after glycolysis. E) glucose is produced during photosynthesis.

D) alcohol is produced after glycolysis.

``` Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called A) obligate anaerobes. B) obligate aerobes. C) facultative anaerobes. D) aerotolerant anaerobes. E) microaerophiles. ```

A) obligate anaerobes.

``` Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are A) strict anaerobes. B) strict aerobes. C) facultative anaerobes. D) facultative aerobes. E) producers of lactic acid. ```

C) facultative anaerobes.

``` When did the level of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere become high enough to sustain aerobic respiration? A) 1.0 billion years ago B) 1.5 billion years ago C) 2.5 billion years ago D) 2.7 billion years ago E) 3.5 billion years ago ```

D) 2.7 billion years ago

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is false? A) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it does not require oxygen. B) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is not located in a membrane-bound organelle. C) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it occurs universally. D) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis. E) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because glucose is the universal substrate for glycolysis.

D) Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis.

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by A) hydrolyzing the starch to glucose and the glycogen to amino acids. B) hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose. C) converting both starch and glycogen to fatty acids. D) removing nitrogen atoms from both molecules. E) removing one glucose at a time with a condensation reaction.

B) hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.

When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins A) are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis. B) are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. C) are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids; electrons are stripped from the amino acids and passed to the electron transport chain. D) are hydrolyzed to glycerols and then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is fed into glycolysis. E) are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

B) are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

``` When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to A) glycerol and amino acids. B) glycerol and fatty acids. C) fatty acids and sugars. D) sugars and amino acids. E) sugars and glycerol. ```

B) glycerol and fatty acids.

``` If you consume 1 g of each of the following, which will yield the most ATP? A) fat B) glucose C) sucrose D) protein E) starch ```

A) fat

Which of the following statements regarding food is false? A) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that make molecules for cellular repair and growth. B) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce molecules that are not actually present in the original food. C) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can use "intermediate" compounds from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to make food. D) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis. E) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that consume ATP.

D) Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis.

``` Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide? A) bear B) mushroom C) wheat D) crayfish E) honeybee ```

C) wheat

``` The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called A) glycolysis. B) photosynthesis. C) fermentation. D) cellular respiration. E) photorespiration. ```

B) photosynthesis.

``` The glycolytic pathway will ________ after a large meal and ________ during a long period of exercise. A) speed up . . . speed up B) slow down . . . slow down C) slow down . . . speed up D) speed up . . . slow down E) not change . . . not change ```

C) slow down . . . speed up`

As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ which allows H+ to leak from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This effect leads to weight loss. The method of weight loss described for Fat Away shows that the drug is acting as a metabolic A) coenzyme. B) feedback inhibitor. C) oxygen carrier. D) redox promoter. E) uncoupler.

E) uncoupler.

As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ which allows H+ to leak from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This effect leads to weight loss. Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by A) blocking access of H+ to ATP synthetase. B) glycolysis from occurring. C) preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+. D) lowering body temperature. E) slowing down the Krebs cycle.

A) blocking access of H+ to ATP synthetase.

how are organic molecules processed to become fuel for cell. resp.? carbohydrates, lipids, proteins?

hydrolysis (breakdown). carbohydrates>sugars. lipids>glycerol/fatty acids. proteins>amino acid.

products of lactate acid fermentation, alcohol.

lactate, ethanol + CO2

describe H+ gradient

active transport, formed in ETC, H+ flow through ATP synthase and other proteins thru inner membrane. faculative diffusion

role of NADH

transport electrons

role of dehydrogenase

oxidizes (removes hydrogen) from an organic molecules

GLYCOLYSIS

glucose>pyruvate. cytoplasm.

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

2 pyruvate>2ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2. mitochondria matrix

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

electrons (NADH + FADH2)>32 ATP. inner mitochondrial membrane

DNP

uncoupler, membrane leaky to H+ ions (3 arrows)

cyanide, carbon monoxide

binds w electron carrier, 4th protein, w carbon monoxide

poisons...

block ETC, ATP isn't made, no energy

rotenone

ETC, bins w ETC chain, 1st protein complex, blocks movement

poisons list!

DNP (3 H+), cyanide/carbon monoxide(4th protein) rotenone(1st protein) oligomycin(ATP)

oligomycin

inhibits ATP synthase

anaerobic vs aerobic

no air vs air. cell rep is aerobic, fermentation is anaerobic.

olbligate vs faculitative

O: poisned by O2, only in anaerobic environments. F: aerobic w O2, fermentation w/o O2