BIO Chapter 46 REVIEW

Question 1

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 1

the creation of a offspring, by fusion of haploid gametes, male sperm and female eggs, to form diploid zygote

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Question 3

What is a simple form of asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Budding, only found in invertebrates

Question 4

What accompanies fragmentation?

Answer 4

Regeneration

Question 5

Parthenogenesis

Answer 5

Development of a individual from a unfertilized egg

Question 6

Where can parthenogenesis be observed?

Answer 6

Invertebrates, rarely in vertebrates

Question 7

Hermaphroditism

Answer 7

A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs

Question 8

What are reproductive cycles controlled by?

Answer 8

hormones and environmental cues

Question 9

Ovulation

Answer 9

the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

Question 10

What can decrease reproductive success.

Answer 10

Climate change

Question 11

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 11

Diverse offspring, adaptability, can live in different environments

Question 12

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 12

Identical offspring, no special cells required, speedy process, lots of offspring, don’t need a mate

Question 13

Fertilization

Answer 13

The union of the sperm and egg, can be external and internal

Question 14

external fertilization

Answer 14

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female

Question 15

What type of Climate is ideal for external fertilization?

Answer 15

Moist Climate

Question 16

Spawning

Answer 16

individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water at the same time

Question 17

Internal fertilization

Answer 17

Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female’s body

Question 18

Requirements for internal fertilization?

Answer 18

behavioral interaction and compatible copulatory organs

Question 19

What are pheromones?

Answer 19

chemicals secreted by animals used to communicate with other members of the same species

Question 20

To reproduce sexual what must animals produce

Answer 20

gametes from precursor cell

Question 21

Cloaca

Answer 21

common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 22

Where are cloaca common in?

Answer 22

nonmamalian vertebrates

Question 23

Is Monogamy rare

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

model organsim

Answer 24

A species that is widely studied, well characterized, easy to manipulate, and has particular advantages making it useful for experimental studies

Question 25

Spermatheca

Answer 25

Where sperm is stored

Question 26

Acrosomal reaction

Answer 26

Trigger when the sperm meets the egg

Question 27

How do many invertebrates reproduce?

Answer 27

asexually by fission

Question 28

What is fission?

Answer 28

Seperation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size.

Question 29

What is fragmentation?

Answer 29

The breaking down of body into pieces, some in which develop into adults

Question 30

What is internal fertilization associated with?

Answer 30

production of fewer gametes but the survival of a higher fraction of zygotes

Question 31

What do internally fertilized eggs have?

Answer 31

Shells and internal membrane

Question 32

Gonads

Answer 32

organs that reproduce gametes such as ovary and testes

Question 33

Embryologic Stages

Answer 33

Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organgenesis

Question 34

What does the acrosome do?

Answer 34

releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg

Question 35

What else initiates the cortical reaction?

Answer 35

Fusion of the egg and sperm

Question 36

What happens after the sperm binds to the egg?

Answer 36

vesicles just beneath the egg plasma membrane release their contents and form a fertilization envelope