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BIO 102 > BIO Chapter 45 REVIEW > Flashcards

BIO Chapter 45 REVIEW Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones

A

chemical signals that are
secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body

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2
Q

What do hormones target

A

they reach all body parts, but only target cells that have receptors for that hormone

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3
Q

How do hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid reach their targets?

A

Via Bloodstream

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4
Q

secreted signals can be classified by two criteria?

A

the type of secreting cell
The route taken by the signal reaching its target

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5
Q

Function of Endocrine signaling

A

Maintains homeostasis.
Mediate response stimuli
Regulates growth and development

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6
Q

Local regulators

A

molecules that act over short distance, reaching its target cell by diffusion

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

target cell lies near the secreting cell

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8
Q

autocrine signaling

A

target cell is also secreting cell

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8
Q

Role of Paracrine and autocrine

A

blood pressure regulation,
nervous system function, and reproduction

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9
Q

prostaglandins

A

immune system and
blood clotting

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10
Q

synaptic signaling

A

neurons form specialized
junctions with target cells, called synapses

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11
Q

neuroendocrine signaling

A

secrete neurohormones that
diffuse from nerve endings into the bloodstream

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

diffuse short distances and bind
to receptors on target cells

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13
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that are released into
the environment

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14
Q

Pheromones functions

A

marking trails leading to food, defining territories,
warning of predators, and attracting potential mates

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15
Q

Types of modified fatty acids

A

Local regulators

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16
Q

Nitric oxide

A

a gas that functions in the body
as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What happens when the level of oxygen in blood falls

A

NO activates
an enzyme that results in vasodilation, increasing
blood flow to tissues

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18
Q

Types of hormones

A

polypeptides, steroids, and amines

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19
Q

Water soluable hormones

A

polypetine and amines

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20
Q

lipid soluable hormones

A

steroids and other non polar large molecules

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21
Q

what are Water-soluble hormones are secrete by?

A

exocytosis,
travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-
surface receptors

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22
Q

signal transduction

A

pathway leading to responses
in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change
in gene expression

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23
Q

What do they bind to?

A

recepotrs in the cytoplasm or nucleus

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24
Q

lipid soluble hormones are secrete by?

A

diffuse across cell
membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and diffuse through the
membrane of target cells

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24
Q

What does epinephrine bind to?

A

receptors on the plasma
membrane of liver cells

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25
Q

response to a lipid-soluble hormone

A

change in gene expression

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26
Q

epinephrine regulates

A

regulates
many organs in response to stressful situations

27
Q

What happens when a steroid hormone binds to its cytosolic
receptor

A

a hormone-receptor complex forms that moves into the nucleus

28
Q

exocrine glands examples

A

salivary glands

28
Q

endocrine glands examples

A

thyroid and
parathyroid glands and testes or ovaries

29
Q

How are hormones release

A

endocrine cell,
travel through the bloodstream, and interact with
specific receptors

30
Q

How are hormones assemble

A

regulatory pathways

31
Q

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the
release of

A

oxytocin

32
Q

negative feedback

A

inhibits a response

33
Q

Positive feedback

A

reinforces a stimulus to produce
an even greater response

34
Q

prothoracic gland releases what

A

ecdysteroid

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates endocrine signaling

36
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

receives information from nerves throughout the
body and initiates appropriate neuroendocrine
signals

37
Q

pituitary
gland

A

composed of the posterior pituitary and
anterior pituitary

38
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores and secretes
hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

39
Q

anterior pituitary

A

makes and releases
hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

40
Q

What synthesize
the two posterior pituitary hormones

A

Neurosecretory cell

41
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

regulates physiology
and behavior

42
Q

What does the anterior pituitary control

A

metabolism, osmoregulation, and
reproduction

43
Q

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus control

A

release of all anterior pituitary hormones

44
Q

Growth hormone

A

secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland, and has tropic and non tropic effects

45
Q

Endocrine signaling regulates

A

homeostasis,
development, and behavior

46
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases the level of blood Ca2+

47
Q

adrenal glands location

A

a top the kidneys

47
Q

adrenal gland consists of two glands

A

the
adrenal medulla (inner portion) and adrenal cortex
(outer portion)

48
Q

adrenal medulla function

A

secretes epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

49
Q

Epinephrine’s Multiple Effects

A

In liver cells, it binds to a receptor that activates
protein kinase A, which regulates glycogen
metabolism
 In smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that
supply skeletal muscle, it leads to vasodilation to
increase blood supply
 In smooth muscle of blood vessels of the intestines, it
leads to vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow

50
Q

adrenal cortex

A

becomes active under stressful
conditions including low blood sugar, decreased
blood volume and pressure, and shock

51
Q

two types of corticosteroids

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

52
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

influence glucose
metabolism and the immune system

53
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

affect salt
and water balance
.

54
Q

testes function

A

synthesize androgens, mainly
testosterone

54
Q

Types of sex hormones

A

androgens, estrogens, and
progesterone

55
Q

Estrogens

A

responsible for maintenance of the female
reproductive system

56
Q

progesterone

A

involved in
preparing and maintaining the uterus

57
Q

pineal gland

A

located in the brain, secretes
melatonin

57
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

regulates
skin color in amphibians, fish, and reptiles by
controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes

58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

BIO 102 (4 decks)

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