BIO Chapter 45 REVIEW

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

chemical signals that are
secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body

Question 2

What do hormones target

Answer 2

they reach all body parts, but only target cells that have receptors for that hormone

Question 3

How do hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid reach their targets?

Answer 3

Via Bloodstream

Question 4

secreted signals can be classified by two criteria?

Answer 4

the type of secreting cell
The route taken by the signal reaching its target

Question 5

Function of Endocrine signaling

Answer 5

Maintains homeostasis.
Mediate response stimuli
Regulates growth and development

Question 6

Local regulators

Answer 6

molecules that act over short distance, reaching its target cell by diffusion

Question 7

Paracrine

Answer 7

target cell lies near the secreting cell

Question 8

autocrine signaling

Answer 8

target cell is also secreting cell

Question 8

Role of Paracrine and autocrine

Answer 8

blood pressure regulation,
nervous system function, and reproduction

Question 9

prostaglandins

Answer 9

immune system and
blood clotting

Question 10

synaptic signaling

Answer 10

neurons form specialized
junctions with target cells, called synapses

Question 11

neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 11

secrete neurohormones that
diffuse from nerve endings into the bloodstream

Question 12

neurotransmitters

Answer 12

diffuse short distances and bind
to receptors on target cells

Question 13

pheromones

Answer 13

chemicals that are released into
the environment

Question 14

Pheromones functions

Answer 14

marking trails leading to food, defining territories,
warning of predators, and attracting potential mates

Question 15

Types of modified fatty acids

Answer 15

Local regulators

Question 16

Nitric oxide

Answer 16

a gas that functions in the body
as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter

Question 17

What happens when the level of oxygen in blood falls

Answer 17

NO activates
an enzyme that results in vasodilation, increasing
blood flow to tissues

Question 18

Types of hormones

Answer 18

polypeptides, steroids, and amines

Question 19

Water soluable hormones

Answer 19

polypetine and amines

Question 20

lipid soluable hormones

Answer 20

steroids and other non polar large molecules

Question 21

what are Water-soluble hormones are secrete by?

Answer 21

exocytosis,
travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-
surface receptors

Question 22

signal transduction

Answer 22

pathway leading to responses
in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change
in gene expression

Question 23

What do they bind to?

Answer 23

recepotrs in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 24

lipid soluble hormones are secrete by?

Answer 24

diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

Question 24

What does epinephrine bind to?

Answer 24

receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells

Question 25

response to a lipid-soluble hormone

Answer 25

change in gene expression

Question 26

epinephrine regulates

Answer 26

regulates many organs in response to stressful situations

Question 27

What happens when a steroid hormone binds to its cytosolic receptor

Answer 27

a hormone-receptor complex forms that moves into the nucleus

Question 28

exocrine glands examples

Answer 28

salivary glands

Question 28

endocrine glands examples

Answer 28

thyroid and parathyroid glands and testes or ovaries

Question 29

How are hormones release

Answer 29

endocrine cell, travel through the bloodstream, and interact with specific receptors

Question 30

How are hormones assemble

Answer 30

regulatory pathways

Question 31

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release of

Answer 31

oxytocin

Question 32

negative feedback

Answer 32

inhibits a response

Question 33

Positive feedback

Answer 33

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

Question 34

prothoracic gland releases what

Answer 34

ecdysteroid

Question 35

hypothalamus

Answer 35

coordinates endocrine signaling

Question 36

Function of the hypothalamus

Answer 36

receives information from nerves throughout the body and initiates appropriate neuroendocrine signals

Question 37

pituitary gland

Answer 37

composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

Question 38

posterior pituitary

Answer 38

stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Question 39

anterior pituitary

Answer 39

makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

Question 40

What synthesize the two posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 40

Neurosecretory cell

Question 41

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 41

regulates physiology and behavior

Question 42

What does the anterior pituitary control

Answer 42

metabolism, osmoregulation, and reproduction

Question 43

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus control

Answer 43

release of all anterior pituitary hormones

Question 44

Growth hormone

Answer 44

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, and has tropic and non tropic effects

Question 45

Endocrine signaling regulates

Answer 45

homeostasis, development, and behavior

Question 46

Calcitonin

Answer 46

decreases the level of blood Ca2+

Question 47

adrenal glands location

Answer 47

a top the kidneys

Question 47

adrenal gland consists of two glands

Answer 47

the adrenal medulla (inner portion) and adrenal cortex (outer portion)

Question 48

adrenal medulla function

Answer 48

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 49

Epinephrine’s Multiple Effects

Answer 49

In liver cells, it binds to a receptor that activates protein kinase A, which regulates glycogen metabolism  In smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that supply skeletal muscle, it leads to vasodilation to increase blood supply  In smooth muscle of blood vessels of the intestines, it leads to vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow

Question 50

adrenal cortex

Answer 50

becomes active under stressful conditions including low blood sugar, decreased blood volume and pressure, and shock

Question 51

two types of corticosteroids

Answer 51

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Question 52

Glucocorticoids

Answer 52

influence glucose metabolism and the immune system

Question 53

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 53

affect salt and water balance .

Question 54

testes function

Answer 54

synthesize androgens, mainly testosterone

Question 54

Types of sex hormones

Answer 54

androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

Question 55

Estrogens

Answer 55

responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system

Question 56

progesterone

Answer 56

involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus

Question 57

pineal gland

Answer 57

located in the brain, secretes melatonin

Question 57

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Answer 57

regulates skin color in amphibians, fish, and reptiles by controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes