Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 102 > BIO Chapter 44 REVIEW > Flashcards

BIO Chapter 44 REVIEW Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Controls solute concentration and balance water gain and loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is osmoregulation largely based on?

A

balancing the uptake and intake of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the driving force for movement of water and solute?

A

A concentration of gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does water enter and leave the cell

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osmolarity

A

The solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selective permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Isoosmotic

A

Equal distribution of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypotonic

A

Concentration is lower inside of the cell and higher outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osmoconformers

A

are isotonic with their surroundings and do not regulate osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration is higher inside the cell but lower outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osmoregulators

A

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper osmotic or hypoosmotic enviroment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stenohaline

A

cannot tolerate substantial changes in the external osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are most animals

A

Stenohaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Euryhaline

A

Can survive large fluctuations in external osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are most marines invertebrates

A

Osmoconformers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Many marine vertebrates and some marine invertebrates are what?

A

Osmoregulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What protects shark from their denaturing effect?

A

trimethylamine oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are marine bony fishes to seawater?

A

hypoostomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do marine balance water lost?

A

drinking large amount of seawater and eliminating salts through their gills and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do aquatic invertebrates lose?

A

almost all amount of water and survive in a dormant state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do sharks take in water?

A

Osmosis and in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anhydrobiosis

A

Survival with no water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What must osmoregulators expend to maintain osmotic gradient

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The amount of energy expend depends on what?

A

How different the animals osmolarity is from its surroundings.
How easily water and solute move across the animals surface
The work require to pump solutes across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transport epithelia

A

epithelial cells, specialized for controlled movement of solutes in specific directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are transport epithelia arrange

A

tubular networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do animals that release ammonia need?

A

Access to large quantity of water

20
Q

Most terrestial animals and many marine excrete what?

A

Urea

20
Q

What are examples of tubular network

A

nasal gland

21
Q

How do animals excrete nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia, urea, or uric acid

22
Q

Is Urea more or less toxic than ammonia?

A

less

23
Q

In veterbrates where is urea produced

A

Liver

24
Q

What system carries urea tot he kidneys

A

Circulatory system

25
Q

What do insects, land snails and many reptiles, including birds excrete

A

Uric acid

26
Q

Is Uric acid more expensive to produce than Urea?

A

Yes

27
Q

How do we determine that kind of nitrogenous waste an animal excrete.

A

Depends on a animals evolutionary history and habitat, especially water availability

28
Q

What are these excretory systems central to?

A

Homeostasis

28
Q

What do excretory systems regulate?

A

solute movment between internal fluids and the external environment

29
Q

Filtration

A

filtering of body fluids

30
Q

Reabsorption

A

Reclaiming valuable solutes

31
Q

Secretion

A

Adding nonessential solutes and waste to the filtrate

32
Q

Excretion

A

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous waste is released from the body

33
Q

Protonephridia

A

a network of dead end tubules that branch through out the body

34
Q

metanephridia

A

tubules that collect coelomic fluid, and produce dilute urine for excretion

35
Q

In insects and other terrestrial anthropods, what does malpighian tubules do?

A

removes nitrogenous waste as hemolympth and function in osmoregulation

35
Q

Kidneys

A

excretory organ of veterbrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation

36
Q

What does the filter produced in Bowmans capsule contain,?

A

salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous and other small molecules

37
Q

What occurs during the proximal tube

A

Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients.
Molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into the interestial fluids and then capillaries
As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, materials to be excreted become concentrated
Some toxic materials are actively secreded into the filtrate

38
Q

Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Reabsorption of water continues through channels
formed by aquaporin proteins
 Movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the
interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate
 The filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

39
Q

What is one of the most important task of the Collecting Ducts

A

reabsorption of solutes and water

39
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis

39
Q

Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

A

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, salt but
not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the
interstitial fluid
 The filtrate becomes increasingly dilute

40
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Regulates the K+ and NaCI concentration of body fluids

41
Q

Why can hyperosmotic urine be produce

A

considerable energy is expended to transport
solutes against concentration gradients

42
Q

What are the two primary solutes affecting osmolarity

A

NaCI and urea

42
Q

As the filtrate flows to the descending limb of the
loop of Henle, what happends to the solute?

A

solute becomes more concentrated due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis

42
Q

What increases and stays the same in the proximal tube?

A

filtrate volume decreases as
water and salt are reabsorbed, but osmolarity
remains the same

43
Q

Countercurrent multipler system

A

maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney

43
Q

What is the key to water convervation in terrestial animals?

A

Justamedullarly

43
Q
A
44
Q

Where do freshwater fishes conserve salt in

A

Distal tubules

45
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A

BIO 102 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions