BIO Chapter 44 REVIEW

Question 1

Osmoregulation

Answer 1

Controls solute concentration and balance water gain and loss

Question 2

What is osmoregulation largely based on?

Answer 2

balancing the uptake and intake of water

Question 3

What is the driving force for movement of water and solute?

Answer 3

A concentration of gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

Question 4

How does water enter and leave the cell

Answer 4

Osmosis

Question 5

Osmolarity

Answer 5

The solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selective permeable membrane

Question 6

Isoosmotic

Answer 6

Equal distribution of water

Question 7

Hypotonic

Answer 7

Concentration is lower inside of the cell and higher outside of the cell

Question 8

Osmoconformers

Answer 8

are isotonic with their surroundings and do not regulate osmolality

Question 8

Hypertonic

Answer 8

Concentration is higher inside the cell but lower outside of the cell

Question 9

Osmoregulators

Answer 9

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper osmotic or hypoosmotic enviroment

Question 10

Stenohaline

Answer 10

cannot tolerate substantial changes in the external osmolarity

Question 11

What are most animals

Answer 11

Stenohaline

Question 12

Euryhaline

Answer 12

Can survive large fluctuations in external osmolality

Question 12

What are most marines invertebrates

Answer 12

Osmoconformers

Question 13

Many marine vertebrates and some marine invertebrates are what?

Answer 13

Osmoregulators

Question 13

What protects shark from their denaturing effect?

Answer 13

trimethylamine oxide

Question 14

What are marine bony fishes to seawater?

Answer 14

hypoostomic

Question 14

How do marine balance water lost?

Answer 14

drinking large amount of seawater and eliminating salts through their gills and kidneys

Question 15

What do aquatic invertebrates lose?

Answer 15

almost all amount of water and survive in a dormant state

Question 15

How do sharks take in water?

Answer 15

Osmosis and in food

Question 16

anhydrobiosis

Answer 16

Survival with no water

Question 17

What must osmoregulators expend to maintain osmotic gradient

Answer 17

Energy

Question 18

The amount of energy expend depends on what?

Answer 18

How different the animals osmolarity is from its surroundings.
How easily water and solute move across the animals surface
The work require to pump solutes across the membrane

Question 18

Transport epithelia

Answer 18

epithelial cells, specialized for controlled movement of solutes in specific directions

Question 19

How are transport epithelia arrange

Answer 19

tubular networks

Question 20

What do animals that release ammonia need?

Answer 20

Access to large quantity of water

Question 20

Most terrestial animals and many marine excrete what?

Answer 20

Urea

Question 20

What are examples of tubular network

Answer 20

nasal gland

Question 21

How do animals excrete nitrogenous waste?

Answer 21

ammonia, urea, or uric acid

Question 22

Is Urea more or less toxic than ammonia?

Answer 22

less

Question 23

In veterbrates where is urea produced

Answer 23

Liver

Question 24

What system carries urea tot he kidneys

Answer 24

Circulatory system

Question 25

What do insects, land snails and many reptiles, including birds excrete

Answer 25

Uric acid

Question 26

Is Uric acid more expensive to produce than Urea?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

How do we determine that kind of nitrogenous waste an animal excrete.

Answer 27

Depends on a animals evolutionary history and habitat, especially water availability

Question 28

What are these excretory systems central to?

Answer 28

Homeostasis

Question 28

What do excretory systems regulate?

Answer 28

solute movment between internal fluids and the external environment

Question 29

Filtration

Answer 29

filtering of body fluids

Question 30

Reabsorption

Answer 30

Reclaiming valuable solutes

Question 31

Secretion

Answer 31

Adding nonessential solutes and waste to the filtrate

Question 32

Excretion

Answer 32

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous waste is released from the body

Question 33

Protonephridia

Answer 33

a network of dead end tubules that branch through out the body

Question 34

metanephridia

Answer 34

tubules that collect coelomic fluid, and produce dilute urine for excretion

Question 35

In insects and other terrestrial anthropods, what does malpighian tubules do?

Answer 35

removes nitrogenous waste as hemolympth and function in osmoregulation

Question 35

Kidneys

Answer 35

excretory organ of veterbrates, function in both excretion and osmoregulation

Question 36

What does the filter produced in Bowmans capsule contain,?

Answer 36

salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous and other small molecules

Question 37

What occurs during the proximal tube

Answer 37

Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients. Molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into the interestial fluids and then capillaries As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, materials to be excreted become concentrated Some toxic materials are actively secreded into the filtrate

Question 38

Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Answer 38

Reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by aquaporin proteins  Movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate  The filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

Question 39

What is one of the most important task of the Collecting Ducts

Answer 39

reabsorption of solutes and water

Question 39

Collecting Ducts

Answer 39

Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis

Question 39

Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Answer 39

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid  The filtrate becomes increasingly dilute

Question 40

Distal Tubule

Answer 40

Regulates the K+ and NaCI concentration of body fluids

Question 41

Why can hyperosmotic urine be produce

Answer 41

considerable energy is expended to transport solutes against concentration gradients

Question 42

What are the two primary solutes affecting osmolarity

Answer 42

NaCI and urea

Question 42

As the filtrate flows to the descending limb of the loop of Henle, what happends to the solute?

Answer 42

solute becomes more concentrated due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis

Question 42

What increases and stays the same in the proximal tube?

Answer 42

filtrate volume decreases as water and salt are reabsorbed, but osmolarity remains the same

Question 43

Countercurrent multipler system

Answer 43

maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney

Question 43

What is the key to water convervation in terrestial animals?

Answer 43

Justamedullarly

Question 44

Where do freshwater fishes conserve salt in

Answer 44

Distal tubules