Bio Chapter 3 review Flashcards
Why is life carbon-based – what is so special about carbon?
4 unpaired electrons in its valence shell
form diverse organic molecules
large and complex molecules
What chemical modifications must be made to pure hydrocarbons, which are water-
insoluble and chemically unreactive, to convert them into soluble, biochemically
reactive molecules? Meaning what do organic molecules depend on to give them
unique properties?
make hydrocarbons into reactive molecules by bonding to hydrogen
What is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?
CnH2nOn - make sugars reactive and hydrophilic
Carbohydrates:
- energy, energy storage
- structure and support
Disaccharides:
monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis - glycosidic linkage
polysaccharides:
lots linked monosaccharides - energy storage, structural
storage polysaccharides
made of alpha glucose
animals: glycogen
plants: starch
Describe protein structure
Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Quaternary
Protein functions?
Enzymatic proteins – acceleration of chemical reactions
defensive proteins – protection against disease
Storage proteins – storage of amino acids
Transport proteins – transport of substances
Hormonal proteins – coordination of an organism’s activities
Receptor proteins – response of cell to chemical stimuli
Contractile and motor proteins – movement
Structural proteins – support
Primary
Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Secondary
sheets and coils through hydrogen bonding of amino acids and carboxyl groups
Tertiary
3D shape of the polypeptide resulting
from interactions from the side chains
Quartenary
Association of two or more polypeptides ex. collagen
prion
Misfolded proteins that cause other normal variants of the same
protein to misfold
Lipids?
glycerol linked to three fatty acids
Type of lipdids?
fats - ex. triglycerol
steroids: 4 interlocking carbons
phospholipids: glycerol linked to phosphate group, 2 fatty acids
How are lipids different from carbohydrates or proteins?
No they are not built from monomers
What type of reaction forms fat?
Dehydration synthesis
Saturated vs Unsaturated
Saturated: no double bond in structure ex. butter
Unsaturated: double bonds in structure ex.oil
Steroids?
4 interlocking rings
plasma membrane
build blockings for body steroids ( estrogen, testosterone)
Phospholipids
glycerol linked to phosphorate group
part of plasma membrane
Two types of Nucleic Acids
stores, transmit, and express hereditary information
- DNA, RNA
Two types of sugars
DNA -Deoxyribose
RNA - ribose
Which are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
CTU
Which are purines?
Adenine, Guanine
A,G
DNA vs RNA
DNA - Thymine
RNA - Uracil
Describe Nucleic Acid Structure
Sugar-phosphate outside
Nitrogenous bases inside
hydrogen bonds between
Describe Base Pairing for DNA
A-T Adenine - Thymine
C-G Cytosine - Guanine
