Bio Chapter 3 review

Question 1

Why is life carbon-based – what is so special about carbon?

Answer 1

4 unpaired electrons in its valence shell
form diverse organic molecules
large and complex molecules

Question 2

What chemical modifications must be made to pure hydrocarbons, which are water-
insoluble and chemically unreactive, to convert them into soluble, biochemically
reactive molecules? Meaning what do organic molecules depend on to give them
unique properties?

Answer 2

make hydrocarbons into reactive molecules by bonding to hydrogen

Question 3

What is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 3

CnH2nOn - make sugars reactive and hydrophilic

Question 4

Carbohydrates:

Answer 4

• energy, energy storage
• structure and support

Question 5

Disaccharides:

Answer 5

monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis - glycosidic linkage

Question 6

polysaccharides:

Answer 6

lots linked monosaccharides - energy storage, structural

Question 7

storage polysaccharides

Answer 7

made of alpha glucose
animals: glycogen
plants: starch

Question 8

Describe protein structure

Answer 8

Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Quaternary

Question 9

Protein functions?

Answer 9

Enzymatic proteins – acceleration of chemical reactions
defensive proteins – protection against disease
Storage proteins – storage of amino acids
Transport proteins – transport of substances
Hormonal proteins – coordination of an organism’s activities
Receptor proteins – response of cell to chemical stimuli
Contractile and motor proteins – movement
Structural proteins – support

Question 10

Primary

Answer 10

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 11

Secondary

Answer 11

sheets and coils through hydrogen bonding of amino acids and carboxyl groups

Question 12

Tertiary

Answer 12

3D shape of the polypeptide resulting
from interactions from the side chains

Question 13

Quartenary

Answer 13

Association of two or more polypeptides ex. collagen

Question 14

prion

Answer 14

Misfolded proteins that cause other normal variants of the same
protein to misfold

Question 15

Lipids?

Answer 15

glycerol linked to three fatty acids

Question 16

Type of lipdids?

Answer 16

fats - ex. triglycerol
steroids: 4 interlocking carbons
phospholipids: glycerol linked to phosphate group, 2 fatty acids

Question 17

How are lipids different from carbohydrates or proteins?

Answer 17

No they are not built from monomers

Question 18

What type of reaction forms fat?

Answer 18

Dehydration synthesis

Question 19

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Answer 19

Saturated: no double bond in structure ex. butter
Unsaturated: double bonds in structure ex.oil

Question 20

Steroids?

Answer 20

4 interlocking rings
plasma membrane
build blockings for body steroids ( estrogen, testosterone)

Question 21

Phospholipids

Answer 21

glycerol linked to phosphorate group
part of plasma membrane

Question 22

Two types of Nucleic Acids

Answer 22

stores, transmit, and express hereditary information
- DNA, RNA

Question 23

Two types of sugars

Answer 23

DNA -Deoxyribose
RNA - ribose

Question 24

Which are pyrimidines?

Answer 24

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
CTU

Question 25

Which are purines?

Answer 25

Adenine, Guanine
A,G

Question 26

DNA vs RNA

Answer 26

DNA - Thymine
RNA - Uracil

Question 27

Describe Nucleic Acid Structure

Answer 27

Sugar-phosphate outside
Nitrogenous bases inside
hydrogen bonds between

Question 28

Describe Base Pairing for DNA

Answer 28

A-T Adenine - Thymine
C-G Cytosine - Guanine