bio chapter 3

Question 1

RNA world hypothesis

Answer 1

Some people believe that because RNA has properties of both DNA and proteins
**folks think RNA was the original information—storage molecule

Question 2

Promoters

Answer 2

regions of typically a few hundred base pairs where RNA polymerase and associate proteins bind to the DNA complex

Question 3

terminators

Answer 3

transcription stops here, and the transcript stops

Question 4

replication

Answer 4

allows the genetic inofrmation from one DNA molecule to be copied into that of another DNA molecule

Question 5

Mutation

Answer 5

a rare error that can take place in DNA replication, a change in the genetic information in DNA

Question 6

Prokaryotic Transcription/Translation

Answer 6

occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 7

Eukaryotic transcription/translation

Answer 7

transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Different from prokaryotes because it has different levels of specialization prokaryotes cant do`

Question 8

Base stacking

Answer 8

occurs because the nonpolar, flat surfaces of the bases tend to group together away from water molecules, and hence stack on top of one another as tightly as possible

Question 9

Supercoiling

Answer 9

the circular molecule coils upon itself, kind of like a rubber band when you twist it in your finger.
**caused by enzymes called topoisomerases that cleave, partially unwind, and reattach a DNA strand, which puts strain on the DNA double helix, then relieve the strain and help preserve the 10 base pairs per turn

Question 10

topoisomerases

Answer 10

the enzyme that causes supercoiling

Question 11

nucleosome

Answer 11

10 nm- chromatin fiber composed of a beadlike repeating unit

Question 12

transcription

Answer 12

a molecule of DNA is used as a template to generate a molecule of RNA “same language at this point”

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

2nd step in readout of genetic information
** a molecule of RNA “translates” into the language of proteins, (used as a code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein)

Question 14

nucleotides

Answer 14

DNA’s subunits,

consist of: a 5-carbon sugar, base, one or more phosphate groups

Question 15

RNA splicing process of intron removal, catalyzed by a complex of RNA and protein known as the spliceosome

Answer 15

process of intron removal, catalyzed by a complex of RNA and protein known as the spliceosome

Question 16

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 16

found in all ribosomes that aid in translation

Question 17

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 17

carries individual amino acids for use in translation

Question 18

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Answer 18

found in Eukaryotes and involved in splicing, polyadenylation, and other processes in the nucleus

Question 19

micro RNA (miRNA)

Answer 19

small regulatory RNA molecules that can inhibit translation

Question 20

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Answer 20

cause destruction of a RNA transcript