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Biology 1 > bio chap 8 > Flashcards

bio chap 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Recall that cyanobacteria may have developed as a result of horizontal gene transfer: a bacterium carrying the genetic information for one photosystem received (from another bacterium) the genetic information for a second, distinct photosystem. What might be possible mechanisms of action for horizontal gene transfer?

A

Bacteria could take up genetic information (released from dead bacteria) from their surroundings.
****Bacteria may exchange genetic information through the development of cytoplasmic connections.
** Bacteria may become infected by a virus that carries genetic information taken from previously infected bacteria.
$$$all options are correct

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on earth

A

The organisms likely used inorganic molecules (H2S) as electron donors

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3
Q

The Z scheme refers to

A

the energy inputs associated with electron transport

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4
Q

The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because

A

RuBP regeneration requires ATP…

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5
Q

All photosynthetically competent cells contain

A

a plasma membrane

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6
Q

Organisms with only one photosystem cannot

A

produce O2

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7
Q

Chemicals called un-couplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What affect might un-couplers have on photosynthesis

A

Decreased ATP production because the proton-gradient would decrease

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8
Q

The evolution of photosynthesis involved…

A

horizontal gene transfer and endosymbiosis

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9
Q

How many mol NADH are required for 12 mol RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco

A

not 10,12,24,36

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10
Q

Which of the following is at the highest energy level

(1) blue light
(2) green light
(3) red light

A

blue light

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11
Q

CO2 reduction requires

A

ATP and NADPH

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12
Q

For every 6 CO2 molecules fixed, how many triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast

A

2

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13
Q

In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis

A

O2

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Calvin Cycle? (4 false things)

A

The calvin cycle is considered a “dark” rx, because it is not directly related to photosynthesis

  • *the calvin cycle is a carefully regulated process because excess starch can be toxic to plant cells
  • **the calvin cycle uses a rare (and this “rate-limiting”)enzyme called rubisco
  • **the calvin cycle produces high energy triose phosphate only through the action of rubisco
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15
Q

During photosynthesis in plants and algae, is oxidized and is reduced

A

H20 ; CO2

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16
Q

PS II and PS I differ in….

A

H+ production, and electron donors and acceptors

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17
Q

During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is?

A

**glucose is stored as starch

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18
Q

Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean. TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

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19
Q

Prokaryotes account for roughly half of terrestrial photosynthesis

A

FALSE

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20
Q

In plants and algae, is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis

A

H20

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21
Q

PS I is a than PSII

A

weaker oxidant and a stronger reductant

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22
Q

cyclic electron transport enhances ATP production because….

A

electrons are transferred from ferradoxin to plastoquinone

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23
Q

Assuming that all is working properly, which of the following is at a higher energy level

A

an excited-state antennae chlorophyll

24
Q

From its ground state, PS II can

A

absorb light energy

25
Q

In addition to chlorophylls, light-harvesting antennae include other pigments. What is the benefit of these additional pigments?

A

Narrower range of wavelength reflection

26
Q

Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can but not .

A

Produce ATP, reduce CO2

27
Q

How does the metabolism occuring in chloroplast differ from that of mitochondria

A

*different electron acceptors and sources

28
Q

Antennae accompany rx centers promoting

A

energy transfer

29
Q

collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by prokaryotes and not eukaryotes

A

FALSE

30
Q

A researcher is carrying out an experiment where she labels a protein with a fluorescent tag (so she can visualize its location in a cell), and introduces this tagged protein into the lumen of a single thylakoid. She observes her treated cells periodically, and notices that the labeled protein can move between grana, but it never observed in the stroma. What can she deduce

A

the protein likely travels through a common lumen shared by thylakoid membranes and grana, and cannot easily diffuse through the thylakoid membrane

31
Q

The calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions are separated in…

A

space

32
Q

All photosynthetically competent cells contain ____________.

A

a plasma membrane

33
Q

During photorespiration, the phosphoglycolate (PGO) produced by RuBP oxygenation is eventually converted to PGA; 75% of the carbon in PGO is recovered. How many molecules of PGO are required to generate two molecules of PGA through this route?

A

four

34
Q

In the lab you isolate a Chlorella mutant that is unable to switch xanthophyll pigments into the inactive, non–heat-dissipating form. If you released that mutant into a small pond shaded by trees, would the mutation spread, and why

A

No, light absorbed by xanthophylls is not used to make ATP or NADPH

35
Q

Assuming that all is working properly, which of the following is at a higher energy level?

A

An excited-state antenna chlorophyll

36
Q

Antennae accompany reaction centers, promoting ____________.

A

electron transfer

37
Q

For every six CO2 molecules fixed, how many triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast?

A

2

38
Q

In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to ____________

A

phosphorylate 3-PGA

39
Q

In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis?

A

O2

40
Q

NADPH production requires ____________.

A

light and electrons

41
Q

Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can ____________ but not ____________.

A

produce ATP; reduce CO2

42
Q

Over evolutionary time, photosynthesis has effectively poisoned itself by producing an oxygenic atmosphere because ____________.

A

rubisco is an oxygenase and O2 is a strong oxidant

43
Q

Electrons move between PSII and PSI via ____________.

A

cytochrome b6f

44
Q

Low temperatures slow the activity of rubisco but enhance its ability to select CO2 over O2. Low temperatures thus ____________.

A

increase the production of reactive oxygen species

45
Q

True or false: The products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon sugars

A

true

46
Q

Which of the following is needed directly to produce both triose phosphates and RuBP?

A

ATP

47
Q

CO2 reduction requires ____________

A

ATP and NADPH

48
Q

ATP production requires ____________.

A

light, electrons, and protons

49
Q

True or false: Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean

A

false

50
Q

Which of the following compounds is consumed by carboxylation?

A

RuBP

51
Q

The occurrence of photorespiration ____________ CO2 and ____________ ATP.

A

produces; consumes

52
Q

The evolution of photosynthesis involved ____________.

A

horizontal gene transfer and endosymbiosis

53
Q

The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in ____________.

A

RuBP regeneration

54
Q

Over evolutionary time, photosynthesis has effectively poisoned itself by producing an oxygenic atmosphere because ____________.

A

rubisco is an oxygenase and O2 is a strong oxidant

55
Q

The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because ____________.

A

RuBP regeneration requires ATP

Biology 1 (23 decks)

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