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BIO 101 > BIO - Ch. 28: Digestive System > Flashcards

BIO - Ch. 28: Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestion Process

A

Mouth>Pharynx>Esophagus>(Lower Esophageal or cardiac sphincter)Stomach (cardia>undus>body>pylorus)>(Pyloric sphincter)>Small Intestine>(Duodenum Jejunum, Ileum)>Large Intestine (cecum, colon(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid))>Rectum>Anus

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2
Q

GI

A

GI: stomach/intestine

4) Layers: Serosa (outer-thin), Submucosa (glandular-thick), Muscularis (mm), Mucosa (innermost-mucous

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Hard palate bones: two maxillae/two palatines
Soft palate: between the mouth and nasopharynx Uvula (“punching”)
Papillae (bumps on tongue)
Lingual frenulum anchors tongue to the floor of the mouth
Intrinsic mm (speech/mastication)
extrinsic mm (swallowing/speech)

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4
Q

Mouth Salivary Glands

A

Parotid glands: largest salivary glands (produce watery saliva containing enzymes) Submandibular glands: contain enzyme (amylase) and mucus producing
Sublingual glands: smallest salivary glands; produce a mucous saliva
- Buccal glands provide hygiene/comfort of oral
tissues

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5
Q

Pharynx

A

From the mouth to the esophagus

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6
Q

ESOPHAGUS

A

first segment of the digestive tube lined with voluntary/involuntary m tissue & epithelium (protects from abrasion)
Upper m sphincter: prevents air from entering during respiration/permits belching
Lower m sphincter: holds food in stomach

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7
Q

STOMACH

A 
upper part of the abdominal cavity under the liver/diaphragm - L of midline	
Divisions:
  - Cardia (junctions with esophagus)	
  - Cardiac Sphincterstyle 
  - Fundus (opening of esophagus into 
    stomach)
  - Body 
  - Pylorus 
  - Pyloric Sphincter (bwtn stomach to
    duodenum)	
Greater curvature at lower L region
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8
Q

STOMACH WALL

A

Epithelial lining has rugae (gastric pits)
Gastric Glands: secrete gastric juice (found below pits)
Pepsin enzyme released (digest proteins)
Secretory Cells of the gastric gland:
- Cheif (gastric juice enzyme)
- Parietal (hydrochloric acid - absorb B12)
- Endocrine (ghrelin - stimulates
hypthalamus > GH > Breaks down food (limited absorption)
Helps protect the body from pathogenic bacteria (from food)

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9
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

A

Most nutrient absorption occurs
Divisions:
- Duodenum (uppermost division attach to pyloric section)
- Jejunum
- illeum (connects to lg intestine)
Intestinal lining comprised of plicae (folds) and villi/microvilli (incr surface are - incr absorption/digestion)
Crypts: between villi (continually renewed intestinal mucosa)

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10
Q

LARGE INTESTINE

A

Cecum: first 2/3 of Lg intestine
Colon: Ascending (contains ileocecal valve: prevents material going back into ileum of small intestine), Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid (btwn descending/rectum)
Rectum > anal canal > internal/external mm of the anus

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11
Q

APPENDIX

A

Accessory organ
Communicates with cecum (Lg intestine)
Contains non-pathogenic intestinal bacteria to aid in absorption of nutrient
Function non understood

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12
Q

PERITONEUM

A

Mesentery projection allows free movement of each coil of the intestine, helps prevent strangulation of the long tube

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13
Q

LIVER

A

Largest gland in the body
L-Lobe (1/6th of liver) R-Lobe (5/6th of liver)
Falciform ligament (seperates lobes)
Vessels:
- Hepatic ducts: carry bile salts (digest fats/breakdown bilirubin from old RBCs) created in
the liver to the gallbladder for storage
- Hepatic artery: carries oxygenated blood to the liver
- Portal vein: carries deoxygenated blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver to be
cleansed and toxins removed

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14
Q

GALLBLADDER

A

Storage of bile and concentration of bile

Ejection of the concentrated bile into the duodenum

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15
Q

PANCREAS

A

Exocrine portion (majority of the pancreas): arrangement of tiny ducts unite to form main pancreatic duct (empties into the duodenum secreting digestive enzymes)
Endocrine portion: pancreatic islets (passes secretions into capillaries)
Function:
- Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
- Beta cells secrete insulin
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon

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16
Q

Mastication & Deglutition

A 
Mastication: act of chewing	
Deglutition: process of swallowing
  - Oral stage (mouth > oropharynx)
  - Pharyngeal stage (oropharynx to
    esophagus): propel bolus from pharynx >  
    esophagus (mouth/nasopharynx/larynx 
    must be closed) 
  - Esophageal stage (esophagus to stomach)
17
Q

Peristalsis & Segmentation

A

Peristalsis: wavelike ripple causing forward movement of matter along the GI tract
- Occurs in the esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine
Segmentation: mixing movements of gastric juices

18
Q

Gastric Emptying

A

Hormonal mechanism: enterogastric reflex fats in duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide (decreases peristalsis of gastric m slows passage of chyme into duodenum) to keep the small intestines from being overburdened
Nervous mechanism: receptors in the duodenum are sensitive to acid and distention =
impulses over sensory/motor fibers in the vagus nerve to cause a reflex inhibition of gastric
peristalsis

19
Q

(6) Chemical Substances

A 
carbohydrates (mouth/sm intestine - amylase maintained by sodium bicarbonate & HCL)	proteins (stomach - protesases)	
fats (duodenum - lipase)	
vitamins	
mineral salts	
water
20
Q

Protein Digestion

A

Broken down by proteases:

- pepsin (from gastric juice in stomach) and trypsin (pancreatic juice)

21
Q

Fat Digestion

A

Emulsification is the breaking down of fats into smaller droplets = water soluble
Bile (sent to the duodenum) finishes emulsification > complete digestion by lipase (sent from pancrease)

22
Q

Digestive Gland Secretion

A

All of the digestive juices are controlled by hormonal reflex mechanisms and nervous reflex mechanisms
Hormones involved in secretion of digestive juices: gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, & secretin

23
Q

Absorption Pathways

A

Circulatory System: substances from protein/carbs are absorbed by the blood > liver (portal vein) > heart
Lymphatic System: substances from fats are absorbed by lacteals > heart

BIO 101 (14 decks)

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