Bio 300 Exam 1 Questions Flashcards
The use of all levels of analysis to study the biological correlates of behavior is called _____.
Behavioral Neuroscience
The understanding of the nervous system has not been without its odd turns and dead ends. Which of the following is no longer accepted as valid?
Phrenology
Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules
Which researcher coined the term “synapse”?
Charles Sherrington
The naked eye can perceive objects that are at least _____mm in size.
0.2mm
Timika is in the lab studying the axons of neurons. Which method provides the least amount of magnification that she would need to get a clear image?
A light microscope
After the car accident, doctors were concerned that Allen had hit his head on the steering wheel. To check for an injury, Allen is most likely to be given a(n) ____ scan.
CT
In the United States, the Common Rule applies to:
Researchers supported by federal funding who study human participants
When conducting research with human subjects, what is one of the biggest drawbacks to relying on volunteer participation?
You might lose the ability to generalize to certain populations.
Which is not one of the “three Rs” of conducting animal research?
Refine methods to ensure humane treatment, reduce the number of animals used, reuse animals as many times as possible, replace the use of animals with other options
Imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images
CT
Imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity
PET
Imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images
MRI
Technology using a series of high resolution images to assess the activity of the brain
FMRI
Scientific study of the brain and nervous system in health and in disease
Neuroscience
Behavioral neuroscience/biological psychology
Study of the bodily foundations of actions, emotions, and mental processes
Mind–body dualism
Philosophical perspective, put forth by Rene Descartes, that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical
Monism
Philosophical perspective of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as the product of brain activity
Phrenology
Misguided effort to correlate character traits with bumps in the skull
Histology
Study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level
Microtome
Device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology
Golgi Stain
Stain developed by Camillo Golgi used to observe single neurons
Nissl Stain
Stain used to view populations of cell bodies
Myelin Stain
Stain used to trace neural pathways
Horseradish Peroxidase
Stain used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin
Optical Imaging
Method for preparing a brain for examination that literally makes it transparent
Voxel
Smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image
Diffusion tensor Imaging (DTI)
Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking flow of water
EEG
Recording of the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp
ERP
Technique used to correlate brain activity recorded through scalp electrodes with stimuli presented to participant
MEG
Technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain
Single cell recording
Measure of the activity of individual neurons through macroelectrodes implanted in the area of interest
rTMS
Technique used for temporarily changing brain activity immediately below the administered pulses
Optogenetics
technique that allows the activity of neurons to be controlled by light
Lesion
pathological or traumatic damage to tissue
Ablation
surgical removal of tissue
Microdialysis
technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain
Concordance rate
statistical probability that two cases will agree
The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of an identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in his or her twin. A binary correlation so a yes or no where correlation is a spectrum.
yes or no question -
Heritability
amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics
The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics. - really heritable: physiological characteristics like heart conditions and physical characteristics like hair color VS moderately heritable: intelligence VS less heritable: mood or anger
Genetic Screen
Method for correlating genotypes with phenotypes
Genetic screen- Methods for correlating genotypes(actual gene) with phenotypes(expressed).
Forward(phenotype and find necessarily gene) vs. reverse genetic(gene of interest multiplied and observed on phenotype) screens
Knockout genes
Knockout gene
gene used to replace a normal gene that doesn’t produce the protein product of the normal gene
Patterns of brain activity in response to the same stimulus tend to ____.
be consistent across individuals and cultures
Logan, who has an autism spectrum disorder, is participating in brain imaging research. If Logan were shown a word related to social interaction, what would you expect to see on his brain scan?
different patterns of activation in parts of the brain associated with the “self” when compared to individuals without autism
The scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and in disease, is known as_____.
Neuroscience
The idea that the body is mechanistic but the mind is nonphysical is called _____.
Dualism
Who is credited with the invention of the light microscope?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Which two famous scientists shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for their work on the makeup of the nervous system?
Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Who is associated with the idea that the nervous system has a hierarchical organization?
John Hughlings Jackson
Which research method provides a way to observe the living brain as it engages in processes such as reading or emotional reactions?
FMRI
Malcom is in the lab studying the contents of synaptic vesicles of neurons. He has dehydrated the tissue to be studied and exposed them to special chemicals. What would be the best method to get a clear image?
An electron microscope
What is the purpose of a microtome?
Slicing tissue into thin sections
Kyung is in the lab studying a small number of single-cell bodies. What stain would be best for her to use if she wants to obtain a detailed view of the structures?
Golgi
Which researcher discovered X-rays and was the first to take an X-ray image?
wilhelm conrad röntgen
Veda, a neuroscientist, wants to do some imaging of participants memorizing picture cards. Because she doesn’t have access to an fMRI machine, what is the next best technique she could use to get information about brain activity during the card task?
PET
Which type of test uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen atoms within a magnetic field?
MRI
Donte has been having seizures and is undergoing a test in which electrodes have been placed on his scalp. What type of test is being performed?
EEG
Janay is studying brain activity in rats that have been exposed to cocaine and wants to determine whether the rate of action potentials changes when the rats are no longer receiving cocaine. Which method is she most likely to use?
Single Cell
Which method, which involves administering magnetic pulses to the brain through the scalp, shows promise in the treatment of motor diseases?
rTMS
In animal studies, deliberate lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in the animals eating _____.
Significantly more than before the lesion
Which technique involves using implanted micropipettes to filter tiny amounts of extracellular fluid from the area of the brain surrounding the tips of the pipettes?
Microdialysis
Adriana is looking at the concordance rates for major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. What is she learning about?
The contribution of heredity to the disorders
Which of the following studies would be considered ethical today?
A study on cheating in which intro to psych students are told they can volunteer to participate in exchange for a few extra credit points
What do the three Rs of ethical animal research include?
Refinement of methods to make sure they are as humane as possible
Can neuroimaging methods decode what sentences a person is reading out of a set of sentences?
Yes, at a level that is reliably greater than chance.
The digestive system is made up of mostly ______ muscle whereas the heart is made up of _____ muscle.
Smooth, cardiac
In a resting muscle fiber, actin binding sites are covered by the protein ______.
Tropomyosin
Edward has been going to the gym to build muscle. Because he also studies physiology, he knows that for his muscles to increase in size, he must produce more ______.
Actin and myosin filaments
If Kim wants to bend her arm, she needs her _____ muscle to contract and her _____ muscle to relax.
Flexor, extensor
Deadra maintains a sitting posture at her desk during long hours of study. She is able to maintain this position thanks to her ______ pathways.
Ventromedial
What type of information does the cerebellum NOT provide to the motor cortex?
It does timing
Direction
Planning for a movement
Force needed for movement
Planning for a movement; it does timing, direction, and force needed for movement
A contagious virus that specifically targets and destroys spinal alpha motor neurons is called _____.
Polio
Why is L-dopa given as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease and not dopamine?
Bc L-dopa does not cross the BBB
When Jim was 58 years old, he started experiencing involuntary, jerky movements. A few months later, he began having depression and hallucinations. Once his doctors conducted genetic tests, he was diagnosed with _____.
Huntingtons
Muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system
Smooth muscles
Muscle that is attached to bones and is responsible for the majority of body movements.
Skeletal muscles
Muscle responsible for keeping the heart beating
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
type of striated muscle found in the heart.
Twitch
Contraction of a single muscle fiber
Myofibril
long strand of protein that is responsible for contraction
Actin
protein that makes up the thin filaments of a long fiber strand
Myosin
protein that makes up the thick filaments of a long fiber strand
slow-twitch fiber
muscle unit that contracts slowly using aerobic metabolism; primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance
fast-twitch fiber
muscle unit that contracts rapidly; primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength
alpha motor neuron
spinal nerve cell directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem deteriorate, leading to death
neuromuscular junction
location where an action potential can produce a contraction
intrafusal muscle fiber
skeletal unit that makes up a muscle spindle
Extrafusal muscle fiber
skeletal unit outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle
Ia sensory fiber
large sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord
myotatic reflex
contraction of a muscle in response to sensory information about its having been stretched
monosynaptic reflex
spinal action that occurs without thought, that requires the action of only one synapse
gamma (γ) motor neuron
small spinal nerve cell that innervates the muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organ
structure that provides information about muscle contraction
Ib sensory fiber
axon that forms synapses with spinal interneurons
polysynaptic reflex
spinal action that occurs without thought that requires interaction at more than one synapse
Extensor
muscle that acts to straighten a joint
Flexor
muscle that acts to bend a joint
Flexor reflex
automatic withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus
lateral pathway
large collection of axons that controls voluntary movements
ventromedial pathway
route carrying commands for subconscious, automatic movements of the neck and torso
supplementary motor area (SMA)
part of the brain involved with managing complex sequences of movement
mirror neuron
special motor nerve cell that responds whether that motion is performed or simply observed
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune condition resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue
muscular dystrophy
group of diseases characterized by extreme muscle development followed by muscle wasting
Polio
contagious viral disease that attacks the spinal motor neurons, producing paralysis
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex progressively deteriorate, leading to death
Parkinson’s disease
degenerative disease characterized by difficulty in moving, muscular tremors, and frozen facial expressions
Huntington’s disease
fatal genetic disorder beginning in middle age that causes the breakdown of nerve cells
Al is lifting weights at the gym. What kinds of muscles are likely to grow as a result of his efforts?
Skeletal striated