Bio 300 Exam 1 Questions Flashcards
1
Q
The use of all levels of analysis to study the biological correlates of behavior is called _____.
A
Behavioral Neuroscience
2
Q
The understanding of the nervous system has not been without its odd turns and dead ends. Which of the following is no longer accepted as valid?
A
Phrenology
Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules
3
Q
Which researcher coined the term “synapse”?
A
Charles Sherrington
4
Q
The naked eye can perceive objects that are at least _____mm in size.
A
0.2mm
5
Q
Timika is in the lab studying the axons of neurons. Which method provides the least amount of magnification that she would need to get a clear image?
A
A light microscope
6
Q
After the car accident, doctors were concerned that Allen had hit his head on the steering wheel. To check for an injury, Allen is most likely to be given a(n) ____ scan.
A
CT
7
Q
In the United States, the Common Rule applies to:
A
Researchers supported by federal funding who study human participants
8
Q
When conducting research with human subjects, what is one of the biggest drawbacks to relying on volunteer participation?
A
You might lose the ability to generalize to certain populations.
9
Q
Which is not one of the “three Rs” of conducting animal research?
A
Refine methods to ensure humane treatment, reduce the number of animals used, reuse animals as many times as possible, replace the use of animals with other options
10
Q
Imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images
A
CT
11
Q
Imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity
A
PET
12
Q
Imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images
A
MRI
13
Q
Technology using a series of high resolution images to assess the activity of the brain
A
FMRI
14
Q
Scientific study of the brain and nervous system in health and in disease
A
Neuroscience
15
Q
Behavioral neuroscience/biological psychology
A
Study of the bodily foundations of actions, emotions, and mental processes
16
Q
Mind–body dualism
A
Philosophical perspective, put forth by Rene Descartes, that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical
17
Q
Monism
A
Philosophical perspective of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as the product of brain activity
18
Q
Phrenology
A
Misguided effort to correlate character traits with bumps in the skull
19
Q
Histology
A
Study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level
20
Q
Microtome
A
Device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology
21
Q
Golgi Stain
A
Stain developed by Camillo Golgi used to observe single neurons
22
Q
Nissl Stain
A
Stain used to view populations of cell bodies
23
Q
Myelin Stain
A
Stain used to trace neural pathways
24
Q
Horseradish Peroxidase
A
Stain used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin
25
Optical Imaging
Method for preparing a brain for examination that literally makes it transparent
26
Voxel
Smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image
27
Diffusion tensor Imaging (DTI)
Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking flow of water
28
EEG
Recording of the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp
29
ERP
Technique used to correlate brain activity recorded through scalp electrodes with stimuli presented to participant
30
MEG
Technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain
31
Single cell recording
Measure of the activity of individual neurons through macroelectrodes implanted in the area of interest
32
rTMS
Technique used for temporarily changing brain activity immediately below the administered pulses
33
Optogenetics
technique that allows the activity of neurons to be controlled by light
34
Lesion
pathological or traumatic damage to tissue
35
Ablation
surgical removal of tissue
36
Microdialysis
technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain
37
Concordance rate
statistical probability that two cases will agree
The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of an identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in his or her twin. A binary correlation so a yes or no where correlation is a spectrum.
yes or no question -
38
Heritability
amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics
The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics. - really heritable: physiological characteristics like heart conditions and physical characteristics like hair color VS moderately heritable: intelligence VS less heritable: mood or anger
39
Genetic Screen
Method for correlating genotypes with phenotypes
Genetic screen- Methods for correlating genotypes(actual gene) with phenotypes(expressed).
Forward(phenotype and find necessarily gene) vs. reverse genetic(gene of interest multiplied and observed on phenotype) screens
Knockout genes
40
Knockout gene
gene used to replace a normal gene that doesn't produce the protein product of the normal gene
41
Patterns of brain activity in response to the same stimulus tend to ____.
be consistent across individuals and cultures
42
Logan, who has an autism spectrum disorder, is participating in brain imaging research. If Logan were shown a word related to social interaction, what would you expect to see on his brain scan?
different patterns of activation in parts of the brain associated with the "self" when compared to individuals without autism
43
The scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and in disease, is known as_____.
Neuroscience
44
The idea that the body is mechanistic but the mind is nonphysical is called _____.
Dualism
45
Who is credited with the invention of the light microscope?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
46
Which two famous scientists shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for their work on the makeup of the nervous system?
Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
47
Who is associated with the idea that the nervous system has a hierarchical organization?
John Hughlings Jackson
48
Which research method provides a way to observe the living brain as it engages in processes such as reading or emotional reactions?
FMRI
49
Malcom is in the lab studying the contents of synaptic vesicles of neurons. He has dehydrated the tissue to be studied and exposed them to special chemicals. What would be the best method to get a clear image?
An electron microscope
50
What is the purpose of a microtome?
Slicing tissue into thin sections
51
Kyung is in the lab studying a small number of single-cell bodies. What stain would be best for her to use if she wants to obtain a detailed view of the structures?
Golgi
52
Which researcher discovered X-rays and was the first to take an X-ray image?
wilhelm conrad röntgen
53
Veda, a neuroscientist, wants to do some imaging of participants memorizing picture cards. Because she doesn't have access to an fMRI machine, what is the next best technique she could use to get information about brain activity during the card task?
PET
54
Which type of test uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen atoms within a magnetic field?
MRI
55
Donte has been having seizures and is undergoing a test in which electrodes have been placed on his scalp. What type of test is being performed?
EEG
56
Janay is studying brain activity in rats that have been exposed to cocaine and wants to determine whether the rate of action potentials changes when the rats are no longer receiving cocaine. Which method is she most likely to use?
Single Cell
57
Which method, which involves administering magnetic pulses to the brain through the scalp, shows promise in the treatment of motor diseases?
rTMS
58
In animal studies, deliberate lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in the animals eating _____.
Significantly more than before the lesion
59
Which technique involves using implanted micropipettes to filter tiny amounts of extracellular fluid from the area of the brain surrounding the tips of the pipettes?
Microdialysis
60
Adriana is looking at the concordance rates for major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. What is she learning about?
The contribution of heredity to the disorders
61
Which of the following studies would be considered ethical today?
A study on cheating in which intro to psych students are told they can volunteer to participate in exchange for a few extra credit points
62
What do the three Rs of ethical animal research include?
Refinement of methods to make sure they are as humane as possible
63
Can neuroimaging methods decode what sentences a person is reading out of a set of sentences?
Yes, at a level that is reliably greater than chance.
64
The digestive system is made up of mostly ______ muscle whereas the heart is made up of _____ muscle.
Smooth, cardiac
65
In a resting muscle fiber, actin binding sites are covered by the protein ______.
Tropomyosin
66
Edward has been going to the gym to build muscle. Because he also studies physiology, he knows that for his muscles to increase in size, he must produce more ______.
Actin and myosin filaments
67
If Kim wants to bend her arm, she needs her _____ muscle to contract and her _____ muscle to relax.
Flexor, extensor
68
Deadra maintains a sitting posture at her desk during long hours of study. She is able to maintain this position thanks to her ______ pathways.
Ventromedial
69
What type of information does the cerebellum NOT provide to the motor cortex?
It does timing
Direction
Planning for a movement
Force needed for movement
Planning for a movement; it does timing, direction, and force needed for movement
70
A contagious virus that specifically targets and destroys spinal alpha motor neurons is called _____.
Polio
71
Why is L-dopa given as a treatment for Parkinson's disease and not dopamine?
Bc L-dopa does not cross the BBB
72
When Jim was 58 years old, he started experiencing involuntary, jerky movements. A few months later, he began having depression and hallucinations. Once his doctors conducted genetic tests, he was diagnosed with _____.
Huntingtons
73
Muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system
Smooth muscles
74
Muscle that is attached to bones and is responsible for the majority of body movements.
Skeletal muscles
75
Muscle responsible for keeping the heart beating
Cardiac muscle
76
Cardiac muscle
type of striated muscle found in the heart.
77
Twitch
Contraction of a single muscle fiber
78
Myofibril
long strand of protein that is responsible for contraction
79
Actin
protein that makes up the thin filaments of a long fiber strand
80
Myosin
protein that makes up the thick filaments of a long fiber strand
81
slow-twitch fiber
muscle unit that contracts slowly using aerobic metabolism; primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance
82
fast-twitch fiber
muscle unit that contracts rapidly; primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength
83
alpha motor neuron
spinal nerve cell directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract
84
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem deteriorate, leading to death
85
neuromuscular junction
location where an action potential can produce a contraction
86
intrafusal muscle fiber
skeletal unit that makes up a muscle spindle
87
Extrafusal muscle fiber
skeletal unit outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle
88
Ia sensory fiber
large sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord
89
myotatic reflex
contraction of a muscle in response to sensory information about its having been stretched
90
monosynaptic reflex
spinal action that occurs without thought, that requires the action of only one synapse
91
gamma (γ) motor neuron
small spinal nerve cell that innervates the muscle spindles
92
Golgi tendon organ
structure that provides information about muscle contraction
93
Ib sensory fiber
axon that forms synapses with spinal interneurons
94
polysynaptic reflex
spinal action that occurs without thought that requires interaction at more than one synapse
95
Extensor
muscle that acts to straighten a joint
96
Flexor
muscle that acts to bend a joint
97
Flexor reflex
automatic withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus
98
lateral pathway
large collection of axons that controls voluntary movements
99
ventromedial pathway
route carrying commands for subconscious, automatic movements of the neck and torso
100
supplementary motor area (SMA)
part of the brain involved with managing complex sequences of movement
101
mirror neuron
special motor nerve cell that responds whether that motion is performed or simply observed
102
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune condition resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue
103
muscular dystrophy
group of diseases characterized by extreme muscle development followed by muscle wasting
104
Polio
contagious viral disease that attacks the spinal motor neurons, producing paralysis
105
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex progressively deteriorate, leading to death
106
Parkinson's disease
degenerative disease characterized by difficulty in moving, muscular tremors, and frozen facial expressions
107
Huntington's disease
fatal genetic disorder beginning in middle age that causes the breakdown of nerve cells
108
Al is lifting weights at the gym. What kinds of muscles are likely to grow as a result of his efforts?
Skeletal striated
109
Muscle fiber membranes contain receptors for the neurotransmitter ____.
ACH
110
During muscle contraction, myosin binds with _____.
Actin
111
Sondra is an elite runner who is currently training for a 50-mile ultramarathon. As an endurance athlete, her muscles are likely to be _____.
Predominantly slow-twitch
112
Given what is known about age-related effects on muscle mass, what is the best suggestion for an elderly patient?
Exercise in small amounts daily, including lifting weights
113
The large, myelinated motor neurons directly responsible for the voluntary contracting of muscles are called _____.
Aplha motor
114
After she cut her foot on a rusty nail, Lillia's doctor was concerned she might develop tetanus, a disease that could have caused her muscles to _____.
Contract and lock in a contracted state
115
Jermaine handed Renna a heavy book. Renna was able to compensate for the weight and not drop the book. What type of reflex is involved in Renna's reaction to the weight?
Myotatic
116
To keep from being hurt by lifting too much weight, the body has a number of feedback systems in place. What responds to the degree of muscle contraction, or force, and acts as a brake against excessively vigorous contraction?
Golgi tendon organs
117
Etta is cheering for her favorite team. When they score, she bends her arm to give a "high five" to a friend. To do this motion, she needs ____.
Both extensor and flexor muscles
118
Doris just accidentally touched a hot pan with her finger. She quickly pulled her finger away thanks to a ______.
Flexor reflex
119
Bethany is tapping her foot along with the beat of the music. She is able to do this because of the _____.
Ventromedial pathway
120
A person who has consumed too much alcohol will start to exhibit a lack of balance and coordination due to inhibition of the ____.
Cerebellum
121
The basal ganglia may be thought of as acting as _____.
A filter for intentional activity
122
The rhythms associated with walking seem to be spontaneously generated in the _____.
spinal cord
123
____ are active both while Jeremiah is preparing to shoot a free throw on the basketball court as well as while he is watching his teammate shoot a free throw.
Mirror neurons
124
What happens when the neurotoxin sarin gas inhibits acetylcholinesterase?
Muscles including the diaphragm are continuously stimulated leading to respiratory failure
125
The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is gradual loss of neurons in the ____.
Substantia nigra
126
Corina's immune system produces antibodies that bind to the nicotinic ACh receptor and degenerates them, eventually leading to extreme muscle weakness and fatigue. Corina has most likely been diagnosed with _____.
MG
127
Cole was diagnosed with a genetic disorder that produces involuntary, jerking movements and, in its later stages, neuropsychiatric symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Cole has most likely been diagnosed with _____.
Huntingtons
128
Deedee has been taking calcium supplements to support bone health. She is taking advantage of her body's _____, meaning that if she can get her blood calcium level above 0.16 g/L, she knows that the excess calcium will be stored in her bones.
Set point
129
Chris has been working outside on a hot, summer day. His coworker gets concerned because Chris has stopped sweating and is acting confused and faint. At the hospital, Chris is diagnosed with _____.
Hyperthermia
130
Sid is slightly dehydrated. Until he is able to drink water, his body will release ______, which will _____.
vasopressin; reduce urine production
131
Antonio had to work a double shift today and decided not to eat his lunch so he could leave early. As a result, his body likely released ____ so that he could maintain glucose levels.
Glucagon
132
Leptin and insulin communicate with neurons in the _____.
arcuate nucleus; hypothalamus
133
Noreen has tried to go on diets before. While she does lose some weight, she is never able to maintain the weight loss and regains all the weight. For the weight loss to last, her doctors would suggest that she try _____.
small, permanent changes to dietary and exercise habits
134
Catalina really loves chocolate and hasn't had any in several days. At this point she really wants chocolate and is highly motivated to go buy some. Which of her brain regions are likely active?
the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, the striatum, and prefrontal cortex
135
Dopamine is the main neurochemical for reward, but it isn't the only one. New research has shown that rats will stimulate themselves (via ICSS) in the raphe nucleus for a burst of _____.
Serotonin
136
Meredith has been given the choice of $10 right now or $100 next week. If everything is functioning properly, she will ______.
wait and get $100 next week
137
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by voluntary self-starvation and a grossly distorted body image
138
Bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by cycles of binging and purging
139
Binge eating disorder
eating disorder characterized by binging without purging
140
Homeostasis
physiological state of equilibrium or balance
141
Set point
value that is defended by regulatory systems, such as core temperature or body weight
142
Motivation
process of activating and directing behavior
143
Endotherm
animal that can use internal methods, such as perspiration or shivering, to maintain body temperature
144
Ectotherm
animal that relies on external methods for maintaining body temperature
145
Hyperthermia
life-threatening condition in which core body temperature increases beyond normal limits in an uncontrolled manner
146
Hypothermia
potentially fatal core body temperature below 31°C/87.8°F
147
preoptic area (POA)
part of the hypothalamus involved in a number of regulatory functions
148
Osmosis
movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane
149
osmotic thirst
craving for water produced by cellular dehydration
150
hypovolemic thirst
craving for water that results from a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid
151
diabetes mellitus
disease characterized by insulin deficiency, resulting in hunger and excess sugar in blood and urine
152
organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
area located around the third ventricle in the brain that detects cellular dehydration
153
Baroreceptor
sensor in the heart and kidneys that measures blood pressure
154
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone that promotes fluid retention by signaling kidneys to reduce urine production
155
angiotensin II
hormone that constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure
156
Aldosterone
hormone that signals the kidneys to retain sodium
157
subfornical organ (SFO)
brain area located near the junction of the two lateral ventricles that regulates drinking
158
median preoptic nucleus
area of the hypothalamus that is involved with drinking behavior
159
nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
structure in the medulla that processes information from taste receptors
160
zona incerta
area of the midbrain that participates in the initiation of drinking behavior
161
Hyponatremia
life-threatening condition in which both extracellular fluid levels and sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are too low
162
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gut hormone released in response to the consumption of fats and signals satiety
163
Insulin
pancreatic hormone that facilitates the movement of sugars from the blood supply into tissues
164
Leptin
substance secreted by fat cells that helps the body regulate its fat stores
165
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
portion of the hypothalamus involved with the regulation of hunger
166
Ghrelin
hormone produced in the pancreas and in the stomach that stimulates feeding behavior
167
Orexin
peptide neurochemical produced in the lateral hypothalamus that stimulates eating
168
Satiety
sensation of being full, cessation of eating
169
alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH)
neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus, believed to inhibit feeding behavior
170
body mass index (BMI)
measure comparing height and weight that is used to determine healthy/unhealthy weight ranges
171
Based on the data you collected, which hormones appeared to increase appetite compared to the saline control condition?
NPY and ghrelin
172
Based on your data, which of the hormones appeared to suppress appetite compared to the saline control condition?
leptin and cck
173
Based on your data, which of the hormones produced the largest overall change in feeding (increase or decrease) compared to the saline control condition?
NPY
174
You have been hired by a pharmaceutical company to develop a hormone-based weight loss medication. Assuming you could work out any safety issues, which of the hormones in your experiment would be most promising for this purpose?
CCK
175
Which system is most like the thermostat in a home, which switches on the heat or air conditioner when the temperature falls below or above a set point?
Homeostasis
176
Who has an ectotherm for a pet?
Iguana
177
Shavon is sitting in a cold classroom. How might her body respond to the chill?
Constriction of surface blood vessels
178
Which phenomenon is helpful in fighting disease?
Fever
179
Josie took her dog for a walk on a hot summer day. Josie began to sweat, and her dog began to pant. Which brain structure is involved in both sweating and panting in response to heat?
Hypothalamus
180
bout two-thirds of the body's water is stored as _____.
Intracellular fluid
181
The movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane is called _____.
Osmosis
182
Most of the time, humans drink ____.
More water than is needed
183
Who is likely to develop osmotic thirst?
Person who is eating really salty chips
184
When blood volume drops, the body acts to conserve fluids, and the kidneys release the enzyme ____.
Renin
185
The hormone cholecystokinin is released when large quantities of which nutrients are consumed?
Fat
186
Deetta has uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. She may lose weight because _____.
Glucose can neither enter her cells to be used for energy nor be stored in her body as fat
187
Although early research suggested that a particular part of the hypothalamus served as a hunger center, subsequent research suggests it functions to initiate eating. What part of the hypothalamus is it?
Lateral
188
Which substance is produced and secreted by fat cells and acts as a signal to the brain about fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of overeating or undereating?
Leptin
189
Although early research suggested that a particular part of the hypothalamus served as a satiety center, subsequent research suggests it functions to change the set point for weight. What part of the hypothalamus is it?
Ventromedial
190
Rona has a BMI of 16 although she views herself as overweight. She is constantly exercising and restricts herself to one, very small meal or less a day. Rona's symptoms are most consistent with _____.
Anorexia
191
What did Routtenberg and Lindy (1965) find in their study on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)?
That ICSS can be much more rewarding than food
192
What brain structure is associated with the "wanting" component of reward?
The medial forebrain bundle
193
Many addictive substances are agonists for _____.
Dopamine
194
Professor Albin is working on an experiment in his lab where his rats have lesions to the OFC. He hypothesizes that when it comes to getting rewards, the rats will ____.
Chose smaller immediate rewards
195
What does interdisciplinary mean?
collaboration between experts from different areas to combine their expertise and perspectives for a more comprehensive understanding or solution.
196
What is behavioral neuroscience?
Reciprocal relationship between bio and behavior
reciprocal : means influence each other like heba and tina
Ex: ice cream wrapping
197
TRUE / FALSE : the body depends on the physical aspect only
false, it's also impacted by how you think
198
What did the prehistoric ancestors believe and what was their evidence?
Believed that brain is vital to life
Evidence: trepanation
199
What is trepanation?
When the skull shows signs of healing
of the brain
200
What did Descartes believe in?
Believed that the soul is separate from the body (DUALISM)
His belief raised the mind-body/ brain problem
201
What is the mind-body/brain problem?
The problem of how physical substances (brain) can give rise to our sensation, thoughts and emotions (our mind)
202
What were the neuroscientists' beliefs on the mind-body/brain problem?
They believe that the brain is the director of all thoughts and feelings (MONISM)
203
What is localization?
Different parts of the brain perform different functions (behaviors and processes)
204
What was Franz Joseph GALL theory?
He believed in Phrenology
Definition: different parts of the brain are like a muscle the more you use them they grow
205
What is the correlation with the advancement of neuroscience and technology?
As neuroscience filed advanced more the technology became more advanced
206
What is the microscopic method?
Its a fixed (stained) tissue sliced by a microtome
Allows us to observe structures, organization and connections of individual cells that we cant see with the naked eye
207
Why do researchers use different stains ?
Because different stains allow them to view different features
208
List the 5 stains used in microscopic methods
Golgi stain
Nissl stain
Myelin stain
Horseradish peroxidase
Optical imaging
209
What does the golgi stain allow us to observe?
It stains some but not all neurons so you can observes single neurons better
Ex: black and white headphones
210
What does the nissl stain allow us to observe?
Allows us to see what type of cell is where in the brain
Ex: we can see big/ little neurons in different sheets in the cortex sheets
211
What does myelin stain do?
Stains myelin
212
What does horseradish peroxidase stain?
Stains neural pathways
213
What is optical imaging?
way to look inside the body using light, we can see through the brain
214
Which method is better imaging or microscopic and why?
Imaging methods are better because we can see living tissue and some studies require things only woke animals can do
215
What are the imaging methods?
CT
PET
MRI
fMRI
DTI
216
What are the advantages and disadvantages of PET image?
Disadvantage:
does not provide detail about structure
Expensive
Injection of radioactive substances
Advantages
Localizes brain activity
217
How does MRI work?
It uses magnesium and radio frequency waves to provide high resolution images of structure
voxel
218
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MRI image?
Advantages:
High resolution images of structure (3d)
The higher the resolution the lower the pixel
Disadvantages:
More expensive than CT
Has larger magnets that may affect the body
219
How does fMRI work?
Hemoglobin & oxygen react to a different magnetic field than hemoglobin alone. When a part of the brain is active it uses more blood so theres more blood flow and fMRI captures that
220
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fMRI?
Advantages:
Good with spatial
Disadvantages
Interpreting results is complex
Bad with temporal
Because when cells are firing blood flows slow and we don't know in when or which order cells fire
221
What is DTI image?
technique used to visualize and analyze the diffusion of water molecules in brain
Used to trach pathways
Can tell us what areas are correlated with each other
222
What are some methods used to record brains electrical and magnetic output?
EEG
ERP
MEG
Single cell recording
223
Why are recording methods better than an autopsy?
Because during the recording you are alive
224
TRUE / FALSE : Any electrical current can turn to magnetic current
true
225
What does an EEG record?
Records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes
The output is amplified and recorded
Good for sleep recording
226
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an EEG?
Advantages:
Good at temporal (timing)
Disadvantages:
Bad with spatial because the electrode has to go through a lot of layers to reach the brain activity
227
What is Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Characteristic wave to specific item or object
228
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MEG?
ITS SIMILAR TO EEG BUT THIS MEASURES MAGNETIC
Advantages:
Has excellent resolution
Its silent so we can use it for studying brain response to sound
Disadvantages:
Weak signals from environment can interfere
229
What are the advantages and disadvantages of single-cell recording?
Advantages
Good with spatial, can know exact cell thats firing
Disadvantages
Very invasive
230
How do surgically implanted electrodes work?
A current is applied through a surgically implanted microelectrode
Resulting behaviors can be correlated with the location of stimulation
Treatment in movement and psychological disorders
231
What is rTMS?
We can excite and temporarily deactivate a certain area of the brain by the area that is stimulated and the strength of magnetism used
Disadvantage: can't go to deeper structures like thalamus
232
What is optogenetic?
Using light to control the behavior of cells
We can use diff lights to stimulate or inactivate
Disadvantage: invasive
233
What is a lesion?
Injury to neural tissue
Naturally occurring
Deliberately produced
234
What is an ablation?
Removal of neural tissue
235
What is microdialysis?
Remove fluid from certain areas to see what that fluid is made of and what chemicals are present
236
What is a concordance rate?
The likelihood that 2 cases will agree
237
What is heritability?
The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics
238
What is genetic screening?
Methods for correlating genotypes with phenotypes
Genotype: actual gene 5,9
Phenotype: what's expresses actual 5,3
239
What is a knockout gene?
Getting rid of a gene
240
What are the 3 Rs of animal research?
reduce , replace, refine
241
What are the guidelines for animal research?
Animal research should have clear scientific purpose
Excellent care and housing should be provided
Experimental procedure should cause as little pain and distress as possible
242
Would internal processing be important without the ability to move?
No it would be useless because the purpose of the brain is to behave and move and if we don't move its not needed
243
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
244
What is skeletal muscle composed of?
Muscle fiber thats directed by motor neuron
245
The muscle fiber membrane contains receptor sites for what?
ACH
246
What's a twitch?
When each AP produces a single contraction
247
What are the 2 types of fibers?
Slow twitch fibers
Fast twitch fibers
248
What are slow twitch fibers?
Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen
Endurance activities
249
What are fast twitch fibers?
2 types
Type IIa fibers: fast twitch, fatigue resistant
Type IIb fibers: fast twitch, fatigable fibers
Anaerobic metabolism: occurs in the absence of oxygen
Explosive powerful movements
250
How does exercise build muscle?
Muscle fibers are damaged
They are rebuilt bigger & stronger by using more actin and myosin filaments
251
What changes does lack of activity produce?
Space travel: loss of muscle mass
Spinal cord injury: increase in fast twitch, decrease in slow twitch
252
At what age does muscle mass begins to decline?
Age 25
Muscle mass diminishes to about 50% of age 25 levels by age 80
Selective atrophy of type 2 fibers
Age related changes also occur i the neuron that control muscles
253
What is contraction of skeletal muscle controlled by?
Controlled by motor neurons in the spinal cord or the nuclei of the cranial nerves (cranial nerves go directly to brain instead of passing spine then brain)
254
TRUE/FALSE: motor neurons are evenly distributed throughout the spinal cord
False
The lumbar enlargement is bigger than cervical enlargement due to greater # of neurons that go to hands and legs
255
What is the main role of alpha motor neurons?
Rapid signaling from NS to muscle
256
The alpha motor neurons form highly efficient connections with muscle fibers at what location?
Neuromuscular junction
257
What does a motor unit consist of?
single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
258
TRUE/FALSE: each muscle fiber receives info from ONE AXON, but a single axon may innervate MANY MUSCLE FIBERS
true
259
What are motor neuron pools?
The collection of motor neurons that innervates a single muscle.
We need all neurons for certain single muscle
260
What are the 3 types of neurons required to respond appropriately?
Neurons from muscle spindle & golgi tendon organs
Neurons of the brainstem & motor cortex
Spinal interneuron
261
What's the purpose of a muscle spindle?
Its embedded in the muscle that serves as a source of information about muscle length
Lies parallel to extrafusal fibers, so when it stretches so do its associated spindles
In short terms it's a sensory structure that gives feedback
262
What is a myotatic reflex and an example?
Contraction in response to sensing stretch
It's a spinal reflex
An example is the patellar tendon or knee-jerk reflex.
263
What is the purpose of feedback from golgi tendon organs
feedback regarding the degree of muscle contraction, or force
Senses what goes in in the muscle to prevent damage
264
What is the monosynaptic reflex?
Reflex that requires the interaction of only 2 neurons at a single synapse
Myotatic reflexes
265
What is the polysynaptic reflex?
Involves more than one synapse
Maintains posture
Prevent injury
Coordinate movement of limbs
266
What is meant by antagonistic muscles?
Muscle pairs that perform opposite action
Those muscle pairs work together
267
What are flexors?
muscles that bend joints
Toward
268
What are extensors?
Muscles that straighten joints
Away
269
What is reciprocal inhibition?
prevents the simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors serving the same joint.
When you send one message to contract another message is sent for muscle to relax
270
TRUE/FALSE: each joint has at least one pair of antagonistic muscles, one flexor and one extensor
true
271
What is the flexor reflex?
A polysynaptic spinal reflex that produces withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus
