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4th Year > Bio 300 Exam 1 Questions > Flashcards

Bio 300 Exam 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The use of all levels of analysis to study the biological correlates of behavior is called _____.

A

Behavioral Neuroscience

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2
Q

The understanding of the nervous system has not been without its odd turns and dead ends. Which of the following is no longer accepted as valid?

A

Phrenology

Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules

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3
Q

Which researcher coined the term “synapse”?

A

Charles Sherrington

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4
Q

The naked eye can perceive objects that are at least _____mm in size.

A

0.2mm

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5
Q

Timika is in the lab studying the axons of neurons. Which method provides the least amount of magnification that she would need to get a clear image?

A

A light microscope

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6
Q

After the car accident, doctors were concerned that Allen had hit his head on the steering wheel. To check for an injury, Allen is most likely to be given a(n) ____ scan.

A

CT

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7
Q

In the United States, the Common Rule applies to:

A

Researchers supported by federal funding who study human participants

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8
Q

When conducting research with human subjects, what is one of the biggest drawbacks to relying on volunteer participation?

A

You might lose the ability to generalize to certain populations.

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9
Q

Which is not one of the “three Rs” of conducting animal research?

A

Refine methods to ensure humane treatment, reduce the number of animals used, reuse animals as many times as possible, replace the use of animals with other options

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10
Q

Imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images

A

CT

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11
Q

Imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity

A

PET

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12
Q

Imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images

A

MRI

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13
Q

Technology using a series of high resolution images to assess the activity of the brain

A

FMRI

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14
Q

Scientific study of the brain and nervous system in health and in disease

A

Neuroscience

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15
Q

Behavioral neuroscience/biological psychology

A

Study of the bodily foundations of actions, emotions, and mental processes

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16
Q

Mind–body dualism

A

Philosophical perspective, put forth by Rene Descartes, that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical

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17
Q

Monism

A

Philosophical perspective of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as the product of brain activity

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18
Q

Phrenology

A

Misguided effort to correlate character traits with bumps in the skull

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19
Q

Histology

A

Study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level

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20
Q

Microtome

A

Device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology

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21
Q

Golgi Stain

A

Stain developed by Camillo Golgi used to observe single neurons

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22
Q

Nissl Stain

A

Stain used to view populations of cell bodies

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23
Q

Myelin Stain

A

Stain used to trace neural pathways

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24
Q

Horseradish Peroxidase

A

Stain used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin

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25
Q

Optical Imaging

A

Method for preparing a brain for examination that literally makes it transparent

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26
Q

Voxel

A

Smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image

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27
Q

Diffusion tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking flow of water

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28
Q

EEG

A

Recording of the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp

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29
Q

ERP

A

Technique used to correlate brain activity recorded through scalp electrodes with stimuli presented to participant

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30
Q

MEG

A

Technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain

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31
Q

Single cell recording

A

Measure of the activity of individual neurons through macroelectrodes implanted in the area of interest

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32
Q

rTMS

A

Technique used for temporarily changing brain activity immediately below the administered pulses

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33
Q

Optogenetics

A

technique that allows the activity of neurons to be controlled by light

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34
Q

Lesion

A

pathological or traumatic damage to tissue

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35
Q

Ablation

A

surgical removal of tissue

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36
Q

Microdialysis

A

technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain

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37
Q

Concordance rate

A

statistical probability that two cases will agree

The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of an identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in his or her twin. A binary correlation so a yes or no where correlation is a spectrum.

yes or no question -

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38
Q

Heritability

A

amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics

The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics. - really heritable: physiological characteristics like heart conditions and physical characteristics like hair color VS moderately heritable: intelligence VS less heritable: mood or anger

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39
Q

Genetic Screen

A

Method for correlating genotypes with phenotypes

Genetic screen- Methods for correlating genotypes(actual gene) with phenotypes(expressed).
Forward(phenotype and find necessarily gene) vs. reverse genetic(gene of interest multiplied and observed on phenotype) screens
Knockout genes

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40
Q

Knockout gene

A

gene used to replace a normal gene that doesn’t produce the protein product of the normal gene

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41
Q

Patterns of brain activity in response to the same stimulus tend to ____.

A

be consistent across individuals and cultures

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42
Q

Logan, who has an autism spectrum disorder, is participating in brain imaging research. If Logan were shown a word related to social interaction, what would you expect to see on his brain scan?

A

different patterns of activation in parts of the brain associated with the “self” when compared to individuals without autism

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43
Q

The scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and in disease, is known as_____.

A

Neuroscience

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44
Q

The idea that the body is mechanistic but the mind is nonphysical is called _____.

A

Dualism

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45
Q

Who is credited with the invention of the light microscope?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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46
Q

Which two famous scientists shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for their work on the makeup of the nervous system?

A

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal

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47
Q

Who is associated with the idea that the nervous system has a hierarchical organization?

A

John Hughlings Jackson

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48
Q

Which research method provides a way to observe the living brain as it engages in processes such as reading or emotional reactions?

A

FMRI

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49
Q

Malcom is in the lab studying the contents of synaptic vesicles of neurons. He has dehydrated the tissue to be studied and exposed them to special chemicals. What would be the best method to get a clear image?

A

An electron microscope

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50
Q

What is the purpose of a microtome?

A

Slicing tissue into thin sections

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51
Q

Kyung is in the lab studying a small number of single-cell bodies. What stain would be best for her to use if she wants to obtain a detailed view of the structures?

A

Golgi

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52
Q

Which researcher discovered X-rays and was the first to take an X-ray image?

A

wilhelm conrad röntgen

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53
Q

Veda, a neuroscientist, wants to do some imaging of participants memorizing picture cards. Because she doesn’t have access to an fMRI machine, what is the next best technique she could use to get information about brain activity during the card task?

A

PET

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54
Q

Which type of test uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen atoms within a magnetic field?

A

MRI

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55
Q

Donte has been having seizures and is undergoing a test in which electrodes have been placed on his scalp. What type of test is being performed?

A

EEG

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56
Q

Janay is studying brain activity in rats that have been exposed to cocaine and wants to determine whether the rate of action potentials changes when the rats are no longer receiving cocaine. Which method is she most likely to use?

A

Single Cell

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57
Q

Which method, which involves administering magnetic pulses to the brain through the scalp, shows promise in the treatment of motor diseases?

A

rTMS

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58
Q

In animal studies, deliberate lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in the animals eating _____.

A

Significantly more than before the lesion

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59
Q

Which technique involves using implanted micropipettes to filter tiny amounts of extracellular fluid from the area of the brain surrounding the tips of the pipettes?

A

Microdialysis

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60
Q

Adriana is looking at the concordance rates for major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. What is she learning about?

A

The contribution of heredity to the disorders

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61
Q

Which of the following studies would be considered ethical today?

A

A study on cheating in which intro to psych students are told they can volunteer to participate in exchange for a few extra credit points

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62
Q

What do the three Rs of ethical animal research include?

A

Refinement of methods to make sure they are as humane as possible

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63
Q

Can neuroimaging methods decode what sentences a person is reading out of a set of sentences?

A

Yes, at a level that is reliably greater than chance.

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64
Q

The digestive system is made up of mostly ______ muscle whereas the heart is made up of _____ muscle.

A

Smooth, cardiac

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65
Q

In a resting muscle fiber, actin binding sites are covered by the protein ______.

A

Tropomyosin

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66
Q

Edward has been going to the gym to build muscle. Because he also studies physiology, he knows that for his muscles to increase in size, he must produce more ______.

A

Actin and myosin filaments

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67
Q

If Kim wants to bend her arm, she needs her _____ muscle to contract and her _____ muscle to relax.

A

Flexor, extensor

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68
Q

Deadra maintains a sitting posture at her desk during long hours of study. She is able to maintain this position thanks to her ______ pathways.

A

Ventromedial

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69
Q

What type of information does the cerebellum NOT provide to the motor cortex?

It does timing

Direction

Planning for a movement

Force needed for movement

A

Planning for a movement; it does timing, direction, and force needed for movement

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70
Q

A contagious virus that specifically targets and destroys spinal alpha motor neurons is called _____.

A

Polio

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71
Q

Why is L-dopa given as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease and not dopamine?

A

Bc L-dopa does not cross the BBB

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72
Q

When Jim was 58 years old, he started experiencing involuntary, jerky movements. A few months later, he began having depression and hallucinations. Once his doctors conducted genetic tests, he was diagnosed with _____.

A

Huntingtons

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73
Q

Muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system

A

Smooth muscles

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74
Q

Muscle that is attached to bones and is responsible for the majority of body movements.

A

Skeletal muscles

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75
Q

Muscle responsible for keeping the heart beating

A

Cardiac muscle

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76
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

type of striated muscle found in the heart.

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77
Q

Twitch

A

Contraction of a single muscle fiber

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78
Q

Myofibril

A

long strand of protein that is responsible for contraction

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79
Q

Actin

A

protein that makes up the thin filaments of a long fiber strand

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80
Q

Myosin

A

protein that makes up the thick filaments of a long fiber strand

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81
Q

slow-twitch fiber

A

muscle unit that contracts slowly using aerobic metabolism; primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance

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82
Q

fast-twitch fiber

A

muscle unit that contracts rapidly; primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength

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83
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

spinal nerve cell directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract

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84
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem deteriorate, leading to death

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85
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

location where an action potential can produce a contraction

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86
Q

intrafusal muscle fiber

A

skeletal unit that makes up a muscle spindle

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87
Q

Extrafusal muscle fiber

A

skeletal unit outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle

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88
Q

Ia sensory fiber

A

large sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord

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89
Q

myotatic reflex

A

contraction of a muscle in response to sensory information about its having been stretched

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90
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

spinal action that occurs without thought, that requires the action of only one synapse

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91
Q

gamma (γ) motor neuron

A

small spinal nerve cell that innervates the muscle spindles

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92
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

structure that provides information about muscle contraction

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93
Q

Ib sensory fiber

A

axon that forms synapses with spinal interneurons

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94
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

spinal action that occurs without thought that requires interaction at more than one synapse

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95
Q

Extensor

A

muscle that acts to straighten a joint

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96
Q

Flexor

A

muscle that acts to bend a joint

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97
Q

Flexor reflex

A

automatic withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus

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98
Q

lateral pathway

A

large collection of axons that controls voluntary movements

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99
Q

ventromedial pathway

A

route carrying commands for subconscious, automatic movements of the neck and torso

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100
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

part of the brain involved with managing complex sequences of movement

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101
Q

mirror neuron

A

special motor nerve cell that responds whether that motion is performed or simply observed

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102
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune condition resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue

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103
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of diseases characterized by extreme muscle development followed by muscle wasting

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104
Q

Polio

A

contagious viral disease that attacks the spinal motor neurons, producing paralysis

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105
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex progressively deteriorate, leading to death

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106
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degenerative disease characterized by difficulty in moving, muscular tremors, and frozen facial expressions

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107
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

fatal genetic disorder beginning in middle age that causes the breakdown of nerve cells

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108
Q

Al is lifting weights at the gym. What kinds of muscles are likely to grow as a result of his efforts?

A

Skeletal striated

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109
Q

Muscle fiber membranes contain receptors for the neurotransmitter ____.

A

ACH

110
Q

During muscle contraction, myosin binds with _____.

A

Actin

111
Q

Sondra is an elite runner who is currently training for a 50-mile ultramarathon. As an endurance athlete, her muscles are likely to be _____.

A

Predominantly slow-twitch

112
Q

Given what is known about age-related effects on muscle mass, what is the best suggestion for an elderly patient?

A

Exercise in small amounts daily, including lifting weights

113
Q

The large, myelinated motor neurons directly responsible for the voluntary contracting of muscles are called _____.

A

Aplha motor

114
Q

After she cut her foot on a rusty nail, Lillia’s doctor was concerned she might develop tetanus, a disease that could have caused her muscles to _____.

A

Contract and lock in a contracted state

115
Q

Jermaine handed Renna a heavy book. Renna was able to compensate for the weight and not drop the book. What type of reflex is involved in Renna’s reaction to the weight?

A

Myotatic

116
Q

To keep from being hurt by lifting too much weight, the body has a number of feedback systems in place. What responds to the degree of muscle contraction, or force, and acts as a brake against excessively vigorous contraction?

A

Golgi tendon organs

117
Q

Etta is cheering for her favorite team. When they score, she bends her arm to give a “high five” to a friend. To do this motion, she needs ____.

A

Both extensor and flexor muscles

118
Q

Doris just accidentally touched a hot pan with her finger. She quickly pulled her finger away thanks to a ______.

A

Flexor reflex

119
Q

Bethany is tapping her foot along with the beat of the music. She is able to do this because of the _____.

A

Ventromedial pathway

120
Q

A person who has consumed too much alcohol will start to exhibit a lack of balance and coordination due to inhibition of the ____.

A

Cerebellum

121
Q

The basal ganglia may be thought of as acting as _____.

A

A filter for intentional activity

122
Q

The rhythms associated with walking seem to be spontaneously generated in the _____.

A

spinal cord

123
Q

____ are active both while Jeremiah is preparing to shoot a free throw on the basketball court as well as while he is watching his teammate shoot a free throw.

A

Mirror neurons

124
Q

What happens when the neurotoxin sarin gas inhibits acetylcholinesterase?

A

Muscles including the diaphragm are continuously stimulated leading to respiratory failure

125
Q

The immediate cause of Parkinson’s disease is gradual loss of neurons in the ____.

A

Substantia nigra

126
Q

Corina’s immune system produces antibodies that bind to the nicotinic ACh receptor and degenerates them, eventually leading to extreme muscle weakness and fatigue. Corina has most likely been diagnosed with _____.

A

MG

127
Q

Cole was diagnosed with a genetic disorder that produces involuntary, jerking movements and, in its later stages, neuropsychiatric symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Cole has most likely been diagnosed with _____.

A

Huntingtons

128
Q

Deedee has been taking calcium supplements to support bone health. She is taking advantage of her body’s _____, meaning that if she can get her blood calcium level above 0.16 g/L, she knows that the excess calcium will be stored in her bones.

A

Set point

129
Q

Chris has been working outside on a hot, summer day. His coworker gets concerned because Chris has stopped sweating and is acting confused and faint. At the hospital, Chris is diagnosed with _____.

A

Hyperthermia

130
Q

Sid is slightly dehydrated. Until he is able to drink water, his body will release ______, which will _____.

A

vasopressin; reduce urine production

131
Q

Antonio had to work a double shift today and decided not to eat his lunch so he could leave early. As a result, his body likely released ____ so that he could maintain glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

132
Q

Leptin and insulin communicate with neurons in the _____.

A

arcuate nucleus; hypothalamus

133
Q

Noreen has tried to go on diets before. While she does lose some weight, she is never able to maintain the weight loss and regains all the weight. For the weight loss to last, her doctors would suggest that she try _____.

A

small, permanent changes to dietary and exercise habits

134
Q

Catalina really loves chocolate and hasn’t had any in several days. At this point she really wants chocolate and is highly motivated to go buy some. Which of her brain regions are likely active?

A

the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, the striatum, and prefrontal cortex

135
Q

Dopamine is the main neurochemical for reward, but it isn’t the only one. New research has shown that rats will stimulate themselves (via ICSS) in the raphe nucleus for a burst of _____.

A

Serotonin

136
Q

Meredith has been given the choice of $10 right now or $100 next week. If everything is functioning properly, she will ______.

A

wait and get $100 next week

137
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by voluntary self-starvation and a grossly distorted body image

138
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by cycles of binging and purging

139
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

eating disorder characterized by binging without purging

140
Q

Homeostasis

A

physiological state of equilibrium or balance

141
Q

Set point

A

value that is defended by regulatory systems, such as core temperature or body weight

142
Q

Motivation

A

process of activating and directing behavior

143
Q

Endotherm

A

animal that can use internal methods, such as perspiration or shivering, to maintain body temperature

144
Q

Ectotherm

A

animal that relies on external methods for maintaining body temperature

145
Q

Hyperthermia

A

life-threatening condition in which core body temperature increases beyond normal limits in an uncontrolled manner

146
Q

Hypothermia

A

potentially fatal core body temperature below 31°C/87.8°F

147
Q

preoptic area (POA)

A

part of the hypothalamus involved in a number of regulatory functions

148
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane

149
Q

osmotic thirst

A

craving for water produced by cellular dehydration

150
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

craving for water that results from a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid

151
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disease characterized by insulin deficiency, resulting in hunger and excess sugar in blood and urine

152
Q

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

A

area located around the third ventricle in the brain that detects cellular dehydration

153
Q

Baroreceptor

A

sensor in the heart and kidneys that measures blood pressure

154
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hormone that promotes fluid retention by signaling kidneys to reduce urine production

155
Q

angiotensin II

A

hormone that constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure

156
Q

Aldosterone

A

hormone that signals the kidneys to retain sodium

157
Q

subfornical organ (SFO)

A

brain area located near the junction of the two lateral ventricles that regulates drinking

158
Q

median preoptic nucleus

A

area of the hypothalamus that is involved with drinking behavior

159
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

A

structure in the medulla that processes information from taste receptors

160
Q

zona incerta

A

area of the midbrain that participates in the initiation of drinking behavior

161
Q

Hyponatremia

A

life-threatening condition in which both extracellular fluid levels and sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are too low

162
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

gut hormone released in response to the consumption of fats and signals satiety

163
Q

Insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that facilitates the movement of sugars from the blood supply into tissues

164
Q

Leptin

A

substance secreted by fat cells that helps the body regulate its fat stores

165
Q

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

portion of the hypothalamus involved with the regulation of hunger

166
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone produced in the pancreas and in the stomach that stimulates feeding behavior

167
Q

Orexin

A

peptide neurochemical produced in the lateral hypothalamus that stimulates eating

168
Q

Satiety

A

sensation of being full, cessation of eating

169
Q

alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH)

A

neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus, believed to inhibit feeding behavior

170
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

measure comparing height and weight that is used to determine healthy/unhealthy weight ranges

171
Q

Based on the data you collected, which hormones appeared to increase appetite compared to the saline control condition?

A

NPY and ghrelin

172
Q

Based on your data, which of the hormones appeared to suppress appetite compared to the saline control condition?

A

leptin and cck

173
Q

Based on your data, which of the hormones produced the largest overall change in feeding (increase or decrease) compared to the saline control condition?

A

NPY

174
Q

You have been hired by a pharmaceutical company to develop a hormone-based weight loss medication. Assuming you could work out any safety issues, which of the hormones in your experiment would be most promising for this purpose?

A

CCK

175
Q

Which system is most like the thermostat in a home, which switches on the heat or air conditioner when the temperature falls below or above a set point?

A

Homeostasis

176
Q

Who has an ectotherm for a pet?

A

Iguana

177
Q

Shavon is sitting in a cold classroom. How might her body respond to the chill?

A

Constriction of surface blood vessels

178
Q

Which phenomenon is helpful in fighting disease?

A

Fever

179
Q

Josie took her dog for a walk on a hot summer day. Josie began to sweat, and her dog began to pant. Which brain structure is involved in both sweating and panting in response to heat?

A

Hypothalamus

180
Q

bout two-thirds of the body’s water is stored as _____.

A

Intracellular fluid

181
Q

The movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane is called _____.

A

Osmosis

182
Q

Most of the time, humans drink ____.

A

More water than is needed

183
Q

Who is likely to develop osmotic thirst?

A

Person who is eating really salty chips

184
Q

When blood volume drops, the body acts to conserve fluids, and the kidneys release the enzyme ____.

A

Renin

185
Q

The hormone cholecystokinin is released when large quantities of which nutrients are consumed?

A

Fat

186
Q

Deetta has uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. She may lose weight because _____.

A

Glucose can neither enter her cells to be used for energy nor be stored in her body as fat

187
Q

Although early research suggested that a particular part of the hypothalamus served as a hunger center, subsequent research suggests it functions to initiate eating. What part of the hypothalamus is it?

A

Lateral

188
Q

Which substance is produced and secreted by fat cells and acts as a signal to the brain about fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of overeating or undereating?

A

Leptin

189
Q

Although early research suggested that a particular part of the hypothalamus served as a satiety center, subsequent research suggests it functions to change the set point for weight. What part of the hypothalamus is it?

A

Ventromedial

190
Q

Rona has a BMI of 16 although she views herself as overweight. She is constantly exercising and restricts herself to one, very small meal or less a day. Rona’s symptoms are most consistent with _____.

A

Anorexia

191
Q

What did Routtenberg and Lindy (1965) find in their study on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)?

A

That ICSS can be much more rewarding than food

192
Q

What brain structure is associated with the “wanting” component of reward?

A

The medial forebrain bundle

193
Q

Many addictive substances are agonists for _____.

A

Dopamine

194
Q

Professor Albin is working on an experiment in his lab where his rats have lesions to the OFC. He hypothesizes that when it comes to getting rewards, the rats will ____.

A

Chose smaller immediate rewards

195
Q

What does interdisciplinary mean?

A

collaboration between experts from different areas to combine their expertise and perspectives for a more comprehensive understanding or solution.

196
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience?

A

Reciprocal relationship between bio and behavior
reciprocal : means influence each other like heba and tina
Ex: ice cream wrapping

197
Q

TRUE / FALSE : the body depends on the physical aspect only

A

false, it’s also impacted by how you think

198
Q

What did the prehistoric ancestors believe and what was their evidence?

A

Believed that brain is vital to life

Evidence: trepanation

199
Q

What is trepanation?

A

When the skull shows signs of healing
of the brain

200
Q

What did Descartes believe in?

A

Believed that the soul is separate from the body (DUALISM)
His belief raised the mind-body/ brain problem

201
Q

What is the mind-body/brain problem?

A

The problem of how physical substances (brain) can give rise to our sensation, thoughts and emotions (our mind)

202
Q

What were the neuroscientists’ beliefs on the mind-body/brain problem?

A

They believe that the brain is the director of all thoughts and feelings (MONISM)

203
Q

What is localization?

A

Different parts of the brain perform different functions (behaviors and processes)

204
Q

What was Franz Joseph GALL theory?

A

He believed in Phrenology
Definition: different parts of the brain are like a muscle the more you use them they grow

205
Q

What is the correlation with the advancement of neuroscience and technology?

A

As neuroscience filed advanced more the technology became more advanced

206
Q

What is the microscopic method?

A

Its a fixed (stained) tissue sliced by a microtome
Allows us to observe structures, organization and connections of individual cells that we cant see with the naked eye

207
Q

Why do researchers use different stains ?

A

Because different stains allow them to view different features

208
Q

List the 5 stains used in microscopic methods

A

Golgi stain
Nissl stain
Myelin stain
Horseradish peroxidase
Optical imaging

209
Q

What does the golgi stain allow us to observe?

A

It stains some but not all neurons so you can observes single neurons better
Ex: black and white headphones

210
Q

What does the nissl stain allow us to observe?

A

Allows us to see what type of cell is where in the brain
Ex: we can see big/ little neurons in different sheets in the cortex sheets

211
Q

What does myelin stain do?

A

Stains myelin

212
Q

What does horseradish peroxidase stain?

A

Stains neural pathways

213
Q

What is optical imaging?

A

way to look inside the body using light, we can see through the brain

214
Q

Which method is better imaging or microscopic and why?

A

Imaging methods are better because we can see living tissue and some studies require things only woke animals can do

215
Q

What are the imaging methods?

A

CT
PET
MRI
fMRI
DTI

216
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of PET image?

A

Disadvantage:
does not provide detail about structure
Expensive
Injection of radioactive substances

Advantages
Localizes brain activity

217
Q

How does MRI work?

A

It uses magnesium and radio frequency waves to provide high resolution images of structure
voxel

218
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of MRI image?

A

Advantages:
High resolution images of structure (3d)
The higher the resolution the lower the pixel

Disadvantages:
More expensive than CT
Has larger magnets that may affect the body

219
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Hemoglobin & oxygen react to a different magnetic field than hemoglobin alone. When a part of the brain is active it uses more blood so theres more blood flow and fMRI captures that

220
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fMRI?

A

Advantages:
Good with spatial

Disadvantages
Interpreting results is complex
Bad with temporal
Because when cells are firing blood flows slow and we don’t know in when or which order cells fire

221
Q

What is DTI image?

A

technique used to visualize and analyze the diffusion of water molecules in brain
Used to trach pathways
Can tell us what areas are correlated with each other

222
Q

What are some methods used to record brains electrical and magnetic output?

A

EEG
ERP
MEG
Single cell recording

223
Q

Why are recording methods better than an autopsy?

A

Because during the recording you are alive

224
Q

TRUE / FALSE : Any electrical current can turn to magnetic current

A

true

225
Q

What does an EEG record?

A

Records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes
The output is amplified and recorded
Good for sleep recording

226
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an EEG?

A

Advantages:
Good at temporal (timing)

Disadvantages:
Bad with spatial because the electrode has to go through a lot of layers to reach the brain activity

227
Q

What is Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

Characteristic wave to specific item or object

228
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of MEG?

A

ITS SIMILAR TO EEG BUT THIS MEASURES MAGNETIC

Advantages:
Has excellent resolution
Its silent so we can use it for studying brain response to sound

Disadvantages:
Weak signals from environment can interfere

229
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of single-cell recording?

A

Advantages
Good with spatial, can know exact cell thats firing

Disadvantages
Very invasive

230
Q

How do surgically implanted electrodes work?

A

A current is applied through a surgically implanted microelectrode
Resulting behaviors can be correlated with the location of stimulation
Treatment in movement and psychological disorders

231
Q

What is rTMS?

A

We can excite and temporarily deactivate a certain area of the brain by the area that is stimulated and the strength of magnetism used

Disadvantage: can’t go to deeper structures like thalamus

232
Q

What is optogenetic?

A

Using light to control the behavior of cells
We can use diff lights to stimulate or inactivate
Disadvantage: invasive

233
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Injury to neural tissue
Naturally occurring
Deliberately produced

234
Q

What is an ablation?

A

Removal of neural tissue

235
Q

What is microdialysis?

A

Remove fluid from certain areas to see what that fluid is made of and what chemicals are present

236
Q

What is a concordance rate?

A

The likelihood that 2 cases will agree

237
Q

What is heritability?

A

The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics

238
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Methods for correlating genotypes with phenotypes
Genotype: actual gene 5,9
Phenotype: what’s expresses actual 5,3

239
Q

What is a knockout gene?

A

Getting rid of a gene

240
Q

What are the 3 Rs of animal research?

A

reduce , replace, refine

241
Q

What are the guidelines for animal research?

A

Animal research should have clear scientific purpose
Excellent care and housing should be provided
Experimental procedure should cause as little pain and distress as possible

242
Q

Would internal processing be important without the ability to move?

A

No it would be useless because the purpose of the brain is to behave and move and if we don’t move its not needed

243
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

244
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Muscle fiber thats directed by motor neuron

245
Q

The muscle fiber membrane contains receptor sites for what?

A

ACH

246
Q

What’s a twitch?

A

When each AP produces a single contraction

247
Q

What are the 2 types of fibers?

A

Slow twitch fibers
Fast twitch fibers

248
Q

What are slow twitch fibers?

A

Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen
Endurance activities

249
Q

What are fast twitch fibers?

A

2 types
Type IIa fibers: fast twitch, fatigue resistant
Type IIb fibers: fast twitch, fatigable fibers
Anaerobic metabolism: occurs in the absence of oxygen
Explosive powerful movements

250
Q

How does exercise build muscle?

A

Muscle fibers are damaged
They are rebuilt bigger & stronger by using more actin and myosin filaments

251
Q

What changes does lack of activity produce?

A

Space travel: loss of muscle mass
Spinal cord injury: increase in fast twitch, decrease in slow twitch

252
Q

At what age does muscle mass begins to decline?

A

Age 25
Muscle mass diminishes to about 50% of age 25 levels by age 80
Selective atrophy of type 2 fibers
Age related changes also occur i the neuron that control muscles

253
Q

What is contraction of skeletal muscle controlled by?

A

Controlled by motor neurons in the spinal cord or the nuclei of the cranial nerves (cranial nerves go directly to brain instead of passing spine then brain)

254
Q

TRUE/FALSE: motor neurons are evenly distributed throughout the spinal cord

A

False
The lumbar enlargement is bigger than cervical enlargement due to greater # of neurons that go to hands and legs

255
Q

What is the main role of alpha motor neurons?

A

Rapid signaling from NS to muscle

256
Q

The alpha motor neurons form highly efficient connections with muscle fibers at what location?

A

Neuromuscular junction

257
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

258
Q

TRUE/FALSE: each muscle fiber receives info from ONE AXON, but a single axon may innervate MANY MUSCLE FIBERS

A

true

259
Q

What are motor neuron pools?

A

The collection of motor neurons that innervates a single muscle.
We need all neurons for certain single muscle

260
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons required to respond appropriately?

A

Neurons from muscle spindle & golgi tendon organs
Neurons of the brainstem & motor cortex
Spinal interneuron

261
Q

What’s the purpose of a muscle spindle?

A

Its embedded in the muscle that serves as a source of information about muscle length
Lies parallel to extrafusal fibers, so when it stretches so do its associated spindles
In short terms it’s a sensory structure that gives feedback

262
Q

What is a myotatic reflex and an example?

A

Contraction in response to sensing stretch
It’s a spinal reflex
An example is the patellar tendon or knee-jerk reflex.

263
Q

What is the purpose of feedback from golgi tendon organs

A

feedback regarding the degree of muscle contraction, or force
Senses what goes in in the muscle to prevent damage

264
Q

What is the monosynaptic reflex?

A

Reflex that requires the interaction of only 2 neurons at a single synapse
Myotatic reflexes

265
Q

What is the polysynaptic reflex?

A

Involves more than one synapse
Maintains posture
Prevent injury
Coordinate movement of limbs

266
Q

What is meant by antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscle pairs that perform opposite action
Those muscle pairs work together

267
Q

What are flexors?

A

muscles that bend joints
Toward

268
Q

What are extensors?

A

Muscles that straighten joints
Away

269
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

prevents the simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors serving the same joint.
When you send one message to contract another message is sent for muscle to relax

270
Q

TRUE/FALSE: each joint has at least one pair of antagonistic muscles, one flexor and one extensor

A

true

271
Q

What is the flexor reflex?

A

A polysynaptic spinal reflex that produces withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus

4th Year (16 decks)

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