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Bio 181 > Bio 181 Unit Test 4 > Flashcards

Bio 181 Unit Test 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a phosphatase?

A

An enzyme that REMOVES a phosphate group from a protein

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2
Q

Do eukaryotes have telomeres?

A

YES

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3
Q

Do prokaryotes have telomeres?

A

NOOOOO

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4
Q

What would happen if DNA ligase did not function during DNA replication?

A

The okazaki fragments in the lagging strand would not be joined together, there would be gaps in the DNA

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5
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

A

Only ribosomes and chromosomes

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6
Q

Which direction (from 3’ to 5’ on the leading strand) does DNA synthesis go?

A

To the right (towards the 5’ end)

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7
Q

Which direction (from 5’ to 3’ on the lagging strand) does DNA synthesis go?

A

To the left (towards the 3’ end)

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8
Q

If one fully labeled and one fully UNlabeled chromosomes are used for DNA replication, what will the new chromosome look like after ONE round of DNA replication?

A

Fully half-labeled

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9
Q

Describe an exergonic reaction

A

Exergonic can initiate a reaction without being coupled (spontaneous), and the curve looks like a hill with a straight top (and has negative delta g/releases free energy)

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10
Q

Describe an endergonic reaction

A

Must be coupled to another reaction, has positive delta g, and has high activation energy (the curve looks like a hill with a bump at the top)

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11
Q

What amino acid group would most likely interact with a positively charged part of a substrate WITHIN an enzyme’s ACTIVE site

A

Aspartic acid (it’s an acid)

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12
Q

What is competetive inhibition?

A

Where a molecule that is structurally/chemically similar to the enzyme’s substrate binds to the ACTIVE site and prevents substrate binding

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13
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

Where a molecule binds to the enzyme at an ALLOSTERIC binding site and changes the shape of the site which prevents substrate binding and catalyzes the reaction

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14
Q

What is post-translational modification?

A

Where some proteins are activated or inactivated by chemical modification

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15
Q

What is the difference between the allosteric binding site and an active site?

A

Allosteric: regulatory site on the protein that can affect its activity (turning the enzyme “on or off”)
Active: where the substrate binds and chemical reactions occur

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16
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The process where a phosphate group is added to a molecule

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17
Q

What is ATP hydrolysis?

A

A reaction where water breaks the bonds in ATP molecules to release energy and phosphate groups (makes ADP)

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18
Q

How is ATP synthesized in cells?

A

By phosphorylating ADP

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19
Q

Where is ATP ALWAYS synthesized?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Eukaryotes: the mitochondrial matrix
Prokaryotes: the cytoplasm

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22
Q

What cellular processes synthesize ATP?

A

Cellular respiration (glycolysis: 2 ATP, citric acid cycle: 2 ATP, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation: 34 ATP)

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23
Q

What are the reactants of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH

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24
Q

What are the products of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

A

G3P, ADP, and NADP+

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25
Q

What is the reactant of glycolysis?

A

Glucose

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26
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Two pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH

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27
Q

What is the reactant of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA (from glucose and made by the oxidation of pyruvate)

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28
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP

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29
Q

What is photosystem II?

A

First light reaction to occur, found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and it captures light energy and uses it to oxidize water molecules (releases oxygen as a byproduct and transfers electrons to the ETC)

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30
Q

What are light reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Where sunlight catalyzes the splitting of water into seperate hydrogen and oxygen atoms (oxygen is released)

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31
Q

What is photosystem I?

A

The second light reaction to occur, also occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and it is a protein complex within a plant cell that uses the light energy captured from photosystem II to transfer electrons across a membrane

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32
Q

What is the energy captured by photosystem II converted into?

A

The light energy from the sun is converted into potential energy in a H+ gradient

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33
Q

What are the reactants of PSI?

A

electrons from the ETC and light energy

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34
Q

What is the product of PSI?

A

NADPH

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35
Q

What are the reactants of PSII?

A

Water and sunlight

36
Q

What are the products of PSII?

A

Oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons

37
Q

If a cell currently contains mRNA and does not express it, how could the mRNA be expressed?

A

If the translation of the mRNA is increased

38
Q

If a reporter plasmid containing a regulatory sequence with a gene is inserted into a cell, what will the cell express?

A

The gene will be expressed from the plasmid when the cell usually expresses the regulatory sequence

39
Q

What membrane transport proteins move ions or molecules up their cell gradient?

A

pumps

40
Q

What membrane transport proteins move ions or molecules down their cell gradient?

A

carrier proteins and channels

41
Q

Where are membrane proteins built in a cell?

A

In the rough ER (the ER with ribosomes)

42
Q

What processes are carried out by RNA polymerase?

A

transcription (initiation, elongation, and termination)

43
Q

What processes are carried out by DNA polymerase?

A

DNA replication

44
Q

What polymerase does translation use

A

Neither, it uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA

45
Q

If a person has the blood genotype AB, what letters are on each chromatid BEFORE mitosis?

A

Chromosome one: A A
Chromosome two: B B

46
Q

If two different cell types are treated with the same signaling molecule and only one responds, why doesn’t the other molecule respond?

A

The other molecule lacks the signaling receptor protein so it cannot respond

47
Q

Where are g-coupled protein receptors made?

A

The rough ER (they are proteins)

48
Q

Where are glycoproteins made?

A

The rough ER and then it is transported the golgi apparatus to add the final touches

49
Q

Where are proteins phosphorylated (sugar group is attached to the protein) in a cell?

A

the golgi apparatus

50
Q

What do the letter alleles (Ff, GG, aa) represent?

A

DNA sequences (they are alleles of genes!)

51
Q

How does an enzyme drastically increase the rate of the reaction it catalyzes?

A

It stabilizes the transition state, which then lowers activation energy and increases reaction rate

52
Q

In the calvin cycle, _______ from the light reactions donates electrons to reduce sugar molecules, and ________ from the light reactions donates a phosphate group to phosphorylate sugar molecules.

A

NADPH; ATP

53
Q

What cell cycle checkpoint are genes coding for DNA replication proteins regulated

A

The G1 checkpoint to the S checkpoint

54
Q

What are the stages in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

55
Q

What does G1 stage do

A

cell growth, replication of organelles, preparation for DNA synthesis

56
Q

What does G2 stage do

A

cell growth, preparation for mitosis and cytokinesis

57
Q

What does s stage do

A

DNA synthesis

58
Q

What does M checkpoint do

A

cell division

59
Q

Where is the DNA damage checkpoint? (is all DNA undamaged?)

A

In between G1 phase and S phase

59
Q

Where does the cell cycle check for external growth signals?

A

Early G1 checkpoint

60
Q

Where is the DNA replication checkpoint? (is all DNA replicated and undamaged?)

A

At the end of G2 and before the M phase

61
Q

Where is the spindle assembly checkpoint? (are all chromosomes attached to a spindle fiber?)

A

Before M phase and after DNA replication checkpoint

62
Q

After receptor activation in a signal pathway, what happens?

A

Signal transduction

63
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the double helix is

A

helicase

64
Q

Why do eukaryotic chromosomes have telomeres?

A

to ensure the entire chromosome is copied during replication

65
Q

What role do cyclins play in the regulation of the cell cycle?

A

They activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

65
Q

Why is ATP the “energy currency” of the cell?

A

ATP directly transfers energy to cellular processes by coupling reactions

66
Q

How does an enzyme increase the rate of a biochemical reaction?

A

By lowering the activation energy

67
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the citric acid cycle?

A

Oxygen

68
Q

What would happen if oxygen were unavailable during cellular respiration?

A

ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation would stop

69
Q

What happens to the energy from electrons as they pass through the ETC?

A

It pumps protons across a membrane, creating a gradient

70
Q

What is the purpose of light-dependent reactions in phostosynthesis?

A

To produce ATP and NADPh for the calvin cycle

71
Q

In the calvin cycle, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes a reaction that

A

fixes carbon dioxide into an organic molecule

71
Q

Which structure in the chloroplast is responsible for capturing light energy

A

Thylakoid membrane

72
Q

How does photosynthesis relate to cellular respiration

A

photosynthesis stores energy in glucose while respiration releases it

73
Q

If a mutation blocks ATP synthase activity, what process is directly affected?

A

chemiosmosis

74
Q

What would happen if telomerase activity increased?

A

Telomeres will shorten more quickly with each cell division

75
Q

What is an example of an endergonic reaction in cells?

A

Formation of glucose during photosynthesis (building, forming things are all endergonic)

76
Q

Signal amplification in a signalling pathway is primarily achieved by

A

Enzymatic cascades that produce many second messenger molecules

77
Q

Which enzyme prevents the over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork?

A

Topoisomerase

78
Q

What is the primary function of substrate-level phosphorylation in cellular respiration?

A

To produce ATP directly during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

79
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced when:

A

Protons flow through ATP synthase back into the mitochondrial matrix

80
Q

What would happen if a plant could not perform the calvin cycle?

A

The plant could not fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules (like H+)

81
Q

What is similar between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Both involve the formation of ATP via chemiosmosis

82
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane (from high concentration to low concentration/down the gradient) via ATP synthase

Bio 181 (4 decks)

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