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Bio 181 > Bio 181 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Bio 181 Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A protein’s activity can be affected by post-translational modifications like phosphorylation

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Because of how small regulatory RNAs work, injecting small double-stranded RNA molecules that match part of a gene’s mRNA will cause increased expression of the gene

A

FALSE

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3
Q

A sample of RNA has 20% guanine (G) bases. What percentage of the RNA sample has uracil bases?

A

It cannot be determined (DNA can be)

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4
Q

What is a DNA sequence? (not a protein)

A

The promoter

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5
Q

A mutation in a gene’s silencer results in the gene being expressed when it normally would not be . What is an explanation for this result?

A

The mutation prevents a protein from binding to the sequence

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6
Q

What does a gene’s promoter do in gene expression?

A

Signals the starting point for transcription by binding RNA polymerase

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7
Q

What are the results of mRNA processing?

A

Addition of a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail/splicing of introns

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8
Q

In transcription, what binds to the promoter region of a gene?

A

RNA polymerase

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9
Q

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

A

It carries amino acids to the ribosome

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10
Q

What happens if a stop codon appears early in a sequence?

A

The RNA sequence will be shortened and the protein will not be functional

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11
Q

What happens at the end of the elongation phase in translation?

A

A stop codon is encountered

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12
Q

Which molecule is directly involved in the negative regulation of gene transcription?

A

Repressor

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13
Q

In eukaryotes, which of the following occurs at the transcriptional level of gene expression regulation

A

Chromatin remodeling

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14
Q

What does an operon do in bacterial gene regulation?

A

It enables the simultaneous regulation of multiple genes

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15
Q

When does mRNA splicing occur?

A

post-transcription

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16
Q

What would happen if a mutation in an enhancer region might affect gene expression?

A

It could reduce the gene’s transcription levels

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17
Q

Alternative splicing of mRNA allows cells to:

A

Create multiple isoforms from a single gene

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17
Q

A point mutation that changes a single nucleotide but does not alter the amino acid sequence is known as:

A

A silent mutation

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18
Q

What is a misense mutation?

A

Not a silent mutation; ex: hydrophobic to hydophillic (substitution)

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19
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Deletion or addition one or two nucleotides (can be more) in the exon

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20
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Early stop codon (substitution)

21
Q

Epigenetic modifications (like DNA methylation) differ from mutations because they:

A

Can be reversed and do not alter the sequence itself

22
Q

A mutation that prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region would result in:

A

Reduced transcription of the gene

23
Q

In eukaryotes, what occurs after transcription but before translation?

A

An addition of a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail to the mRNA

24
Q

Which direction is RNA made?

A

5’ to 3’

25
Q

Which RNA molecule is directly involved in translation by carrying amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

26
Q

In eukaryotes, what occurs during transcriptional regulation?

A

The binding of transcription factors to enhancer or silencer sequences

27
Q

What process directly follows transcription in eukaryotes?

A

mRNA processing including splicing and addition of 5’ cap and poly-A tail

28
Q

If a mutation occurs in a gene’s enhancer region, leading to reduced gene expression, what does it affect?

A

the ability of transcription factors to increase transcription levels

29
Q

What end is the phosphate group attached to on DNA?

A

The 5’ end

30
Q

If complementary base pairing were prevented within a cell, what processes would be directly affected?

A

transcription and translation

31
Q

DNA is read which direction?

A

3’ to 5’

32
Q

RNA is made from which direction

A

5’ to 3’ (N to C)

33
Q

What must be present for a gene to be transcribed?

A

RNA polymerase,

34
Q

Where are snRNAs found?

A

the nuclei of eukaryotes

35
Q

How are liver cells and muscle cells different in the same organism?

A

the mRNA is alternatively spliced in muscle and liver cells

36
Q

What environment is transferrin transcribed in in a cell?

A

A low iron environment, lets iron into a cell

37
Q

What environment is ferritin transcribed in in a cell?

A

A high iron environment, the protein binds to the receptor

38
Q

When looking at a transcription model with tRNA adding bases to the RNA molecule being transcribed, where do you look to see the next amino acid sequence to be added?

A

The coding strand has the same amino acid that will be added to the RNA

39
Q

In the transferrin/ferritan model, what will happen when iron levels are low?

A

Transferrin receptor mRNA will be translated

40
Q

In transferrin/ferritan model, what will happen when iron levels are high?

A

Ferritan mRNA will be translated

41
Q

Ribosomes catalyze the formation of:

A

peptide bonds

42
Q

What is the path of a tRNA?

A

A site to P site to E site then leaves the ribosome

43
Q

What must be present for a gene to be transcribed?

A

RNA polymerase and transcription factors bound to the gene’s promoter

44
Q

What is a DNA sequence

A

enhancer, promoter, silencer, and the gene itself

45
Q

What happens if RNA polymerase cannot function?

A

RNA synthesis will immediately stop and protein synthesis will eventually stop

46
Q

What kind of transcription factor binds to an enhancer?

A

Regulatory transcription factors

47
Q

What kind of transcription factor binds to a silencer

A

General transcription factors

48
Q

Why do different cells in your body perform different things?

A

Different cells express different genes but all have the same DNA

49
Q

Because of the naturally-existing regulation mechanisms of the cell, injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into a cell has the effect of:

A

Silencing the expression of a gene

Bio 181 (4 decks)

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