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Biology 160 > BIO 160 Chapter 9 > Flashcards

BIO 160 Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

self fertilization

A

mendel covered flowers with a asmall bag so that no pollen from another plant could reach the carpal

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2
Q

cross-fertilization

A

fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant

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3
Q

purebred organisms

A

varieties for which self fertilizaion produced offspring all identical to the parent

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4
Q

P generation

A

parents

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5
Q

F1 generation

A

kids

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6
Q

F2 generation

A

when F1s offspring

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7
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to next

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8
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity

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9
Q

character

A

a hereditable feature like flower color

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10
Q

trait

A

variant of character

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11
Q

hybrids

A

offspring of two purebred varieties

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12
Q

monohybrid cross

A

parents differ in one character

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13
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of a gene

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14
Q

homozygous

A

identical alleles

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15
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles

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16
Q

dominant allele

A

one that determines organisms appearance

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17
Q

heterozygous vs homozygous

A

Aa vs AA or aa

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18
Q

dominant allele vs recessive allele

A

dominant shows in either heterzygous or homozygous.. recessive shows only on homo.. masked in hetero

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19
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

phenotype- the organisms physical appearance

genotype - the genetic makeup

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20
Q

phenotypic ratio vs genotypic ratio

A

appearance makeup vs the genetica make

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21
Q

define the law of segregation and how it applies to reproduction

A

both the parents contribute an allele to make the offsprings’ a pair

22
Q

define mendel’s law of independent assortment and explain how it applies to a dihybrid cross

A

one character doesn’t infuence another.. yellow wrinkles, yellow round, green wrinkles, green round

23
Q

explain how a testcross can be performed to determine an organisms genotype

A

testcross is mating with a homozygous recessive.. to figure out the parents’s genotype.. wheter het or homozygous

24
Q

explain how and when the rule of multiplication should be used to determine a probability of an event

A

probability of event is the product of separate probabilies of independent events

25
Q

Explain how a pedigree is used to determine how a particular human trait is inherited

A

pedigree is a family tree that traces the trait

26
Q

Define a carrier and explein how carriers are revealed in human pedigrees

A

a carrier has the recessive allele but doesn’t show it.. they can pass the the recessive allele to the offspring

27
Q

complete dominance vs incomplete dominance vs codominance

A

Complete Dominance: Where in the dominant gene completely masks the effect of the resesive gen in heterozygous conditions. Ex. Tt or Rr.
Incomplete Dominance: When 2 or more alleles influence a phenotype. Ex. Flowers.
Codominance: When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring. Ex. Bloodtype.

28
Q

explain how the environment influences the expression of traits

A

exercise effects build, height is influenced by nutrition and excercise

29
Q

explain how chromosomes determine the sex of a human

A

in sperm half have x half have y..offspring sex is determined on whether sperm that fertilizes egg is an X or Y

30
Q

explain why sex-linked diseases are more common in male humans

A

they get their X chromosome from their mothers

31
Q

red-green colorblindness vs hemophilia

A

red green colorblindness is a common sex-linked disorder caused by a malfunction of light sensitive cells in the eyes can see 25 colors mostly males are affected because its on sex chromosome males have 50% chance of colorblindness. hemophilia bleed excessively when injured.hets are affected

32
Q

law of segregation

A

when sperm and egg unite at fertilizaion, each contributes its alleles restoring the paired condition in the offspring

33
Q

punnet square

A

highlights the possible combinations of gametes

34
Q

locus

A

specific location on a gene

35
Q

dihybrid cross

A

the mating of parental varieties differing in two characters

36
Q

law of independent segregation

A

the inheritance of once character has no effect on the inheritance of another

37
Q

test cross

A

a mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

38
Q

wild type traits

A

those seen most often in nature

39
Q

pedigree

A

family tree

40
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

excessive secretion of thick mucus from lungs pancreas and other organs

41
Q

inbreeding

A

mating between close blood relatives

42
Q

achondroplasia

A

a form of dwarfism in which head and torso develop normally but arms and legs are short

43
Q

huntington’s disease

A

a degeneration of the nervous system that doesn’t begin until middle age

44
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the appearance of F1 hybrids falls between the phenotypes of the parents.. red + white = pink

45
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

dangerously high levels of cholesterol in the blood Normal have HH heterozygotes have cholesterol levels that are 2x normal

46
Q

codominant

A

that both alleles are expressed in Heterozygous individuals who have type AB blood

47
Q

pleiotrophy

A

one gene influences several characters

48
Q

sickle cell disease

A

disorder characterized by a diverse set of symptoms. red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin proteins

49
Q

polygenice inheritance

A

the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.. height AABBCC or aabbcc

50
Q

linked genes

A

genes that are located close together on a chromosome

Biology 160 (11 decks)

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