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Biology 160 > BIO 160 Chapter 3 > Flashcards

BIO 160 Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compounds

A

are carbon based molecules

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2
Q

hydrocarbon

A

are the simplest organic compounds, contains only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

Methane

A

simplest hydrocarbon, Carbon, 4 Hydrogens

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4
Q

larger hydrocarbons

A

contain fat

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5
Q

macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid

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6
Q

polymers

A

many monomers

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7
Q

monomers

A

smaller molecules

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8
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions

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9
Q

Hydroxyl groups

A

-OH

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10
Q

Carboxyl groups

A

-COOH

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11
Q

How are macromolecules created?

A

chemical reactions

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12
Q

dehydration reactions

A

join monomers to create polymers, take out water

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13
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

break polymers into monomers, adds a molecule of water

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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15
Q

Carbohydrates in Animals

A

source of dietary energy and raw material for producing other compounds

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16
Q

Carbohydrates in Plants

A

make up plant body and cell wall

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17
Q

monosaccarides

A

carbohydrate monomer subunit, simple sugar that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis

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18
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose, fructose

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19
Q

isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structures

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20
Q

disaccharide

A

double sugar, by dehydration reaction
Lactose (glucose+galactose=milk)
Sucrose (glucose+fructose=table sugar)

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21
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrates, made of long chains of sugar units Ex. starch , glycogen, cellulose

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22
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic molecules

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23
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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24
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving

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25
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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26
Q

triglyceride functions

A

energy storage, insulation, cushioning

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27
Q

unsaturated

A

have fewer than the maximum hydrogens, fish oil and plant oils, liquid at room temp

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28
Q

saturated

A

have the maximum number of hydrogens, animal fats, solid at room temperature,Contributes to atherosclerosis (plaque formation)

29
Q

hydrogenation

A

converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, by adding hydrogen, creates trans fats

30
Q

steroids

A

have different structure of 4 carbon rings

31
Q

cholesterol

A

provides fluidity to cell membranes, used to make estrogen and testosterone

32
Q

synthetic anabolic steriods

A

variants of testosterone, may cause physical/mental problems, may be describeds as treatment, maybe abused by athletes to enhance performance.

33
Q

proteins

A

polymers from amino acid monomers, perform most tasks required for life, form enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

34
Q

amino acids

A

have a carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen atom and functional group (R)

35
Q

How are proteins made?

A

amino acids form peptide bonds by dehydration reactions

36
Q

protein primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids

37
Q

protein secondary structure

A

is facilitated by hydrogen

bonds along the polypeptide backbone

38
Q

protein tertiary stucture

A

is facilitated by bonds between

the a R-groups

39
Q

protein quaternary structure

A

facilitated by bonds

between two or more polypeptide chains

40
Q

denaturation

A

occurs when a protein unravels or loses its shape ex. high heat and eggs

41
Q

nucleic acid

A 
are macromolecules that store 
information and provide directions for building 
proteins.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
42
Q

chromosomes

A

made up of DNA

43
Q

genes

A

are specific stretches of DNA that
determines the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide

44
Q

nucleic acid monomers

A

nucleotides

45
Q

nucleotide make up

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

46
Q

DNA Nucleotide base

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (D)
47
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

– Two strands of DNA join together to form a double
helix.
• Hydrogen bonding occurs between bases of either DNA
strand
– A pairs with T
– G pairs with C
– RNA has ribose sugar and contains uracil (U)
instead of thymine (T)

48
Q

sugar phosphate backbone

A

repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar

49
Q

when complex, contains many subunits in chains or branches

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

made of long carbon chains, but do not have repeating subunits

A

Lipids

51
Q

not typically used for energy production

A

Nucleic Acids

52
Q

subunits are amino acids

A

Proteins

53
Q

used to speed up chemical reations

A

Proteins

54
Q

used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information

A

Nucleic Acid

55
Q

can serve as structural support for cells in some organisms

A

Carbohydrates

56
Q

subunits are composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate group

A

Nucleic Acid

57
Q

subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds

A

proteins

58
Q

some function as hormones

A

lipids

59
Q

subunits are called mono saccharides

A

carbohydrates

60
Q

energy-storing molecules that are typically insoluble in water

A

lipids

61
Q

subunits each have the same core structure but the side chains differ

A

proteins

62
Q

the three dimensional shape of the molecule is essential for it to function correctly

A

proteins

63
Q

may be useful as padding or insulation

A

lipids

64
Q

subunits are formed from carbon rings

A

carbohydrates

65
Q

the two forms of these molecules differ based on whether they form one chain of subunits or two chains of connected subunits

A

nucleic acid

66
Q

most prevalent molecule in cell membranes

A

lipids

67
Q

energy storing molecule, typically water soluble

A

carbohydrates

68
Q

subunits are nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

Biology 160 (11 decks)

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