Bio 121 Lab 8 Flashcards
Phylum echinodermata
- endoskeletons of calcareous plates and spines in skin
- pentaradial symmetry
- Triploblastic coelomate
- tubular digestive tracts
- water vascular system*
Water vascular system
- Provides force necessary for locomotion and feeding
- network of canals connect to tube feet
RO: pisaster
Phylum: echinodermata Starfish -tidal to deep water -spines on skin -5 arms, central disk -pyloric and cardiac stomach -pyloric caeca = digestive glands -pairs of gonads -separate sexes
Madreporite
Allows water to move in and out of starfish to maintain pressure
Grooves
On lower surface where tube feet
Tube feet
- gas exchange
- muscle nerve fibres for movement
- drawn into groove and protected by spines
- smaller tube feet sensory tentacles@ tip
- eyespot, light sensitive
- mouth (ventral) protected by spines
- branchiae between spines
- pedicellarie
Branchiae
- Sac like structures between spines for gas exchange
- covered in cilia
Pedicellarie
- Tiny pincers on flexible stalks
- clean and protect starfish surface
- surround spines
Pyloric stomach
- Top stomach
- delicate membranous
Cardiac stomach
-Muscular
Everted to engulf prey
Pyloric caeca
- digestive glands
- attach to pyloric stomach
- 2 per arm
- secrete digestive enzymes
- storage site for digested material
Gonads
- under digestive glands
- site gamete production
- gametes released into water
Ampullae
- attached to tube feet
- part of water vascular system
Pisaster friends
- Brittle star
- sea lily
- sea urchin
- sea cucumber
Phylum chordata
- Bilateral symmetry
- segmentation
- Triploblastic coelomate
- invertebrate and vertebrate chordates
- 6 vertebrates
- 4diagnostic features
- Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
- Osteichthyes
Bony fish
- Amphibia
Amphibians
- Reptilia
Reptiles
- Aves
Birds
- Mammalia
Mammals
4 Chordate features
- Notochord
- Hollow dorsal nerve chord
- Pharyngeal gill slits
- Post anal tail
Amphioxus
Marine invertebrate that shows the characteristics as an adult
RO: perca
Phylum: chordata Perch -freshwater -bilateral symmetry -bony scales covered in mucus = protection and passage through water -upper and lower jaws -censory organs in head -eyes -internal ears: balance and hearing -operculum protects gills 4 unpaired fins 2 pairs paired fins -2 pairs nostrils -lateral line system
Anterior nostrils
-water in to olfactory sac (detects chemical changes)
Posterior nostrils
Water out
Lateral line system
- consists of pores connected to internal tubular canals
- bear sense organs
- detects pressure waves
Unpaired fins
2 dorsal
1 anal
1 caudal
Paired fins
- 2 pectoral (lateral surface behind head region)
- 2 pelvic immediately ventral
Gills
Gas exchange
Parts of the gills
- gill arch
- gill rakers
- gill filaments
Gill filaments
- Increase surface area for gas exchange
- convex surface
Gill rakers
- short and bony
- concave surface
- strain large particles
Swim bladder
- outpushing from pharynx
- originally a lung
- now for buoyancy
Digestive tract
Oesophagus > cardiac stomach (temporary storage) > pyloric stomach (chemical digestion) > pyloric caeca (digestion and absorption) > intestine (start duodenum) > anus
Spleen
Production and storage of blood cells
Elongate testes
Produce sperm
Single ovary
Produces egg
Sinus venosus
Collects deoxygenated blood from tissue
Bulbus arteriosus
- Expanded artery
- narrows into ventral aorta
Dorsal aorta
- Thin black lining running mid-dorsally
- takes oxygenated blood from gills to body
Undulatory swimming
Axial locomotion
Perca friends
Amphioxus, minnow, shark, next, frog, snake, turtle, bird, mammal
Use of limbs
Appendicular locomotion
First land vertebrates
Amphibians
Locomotion transition
Axial -> appendicular
Transition organs for gas exchange
Gills -> lungs
Amphibian gas exchange
Lungs, skin oral cavities
Transition skin
No waterproofing, mucous glands and large blood vessels -> thick cells called stratum corneum for waterproofing
Stratum corneum
Thick dead cells that form water proof boundary
Transition reproduction
External fertilization > amniotic shell > internal fertilization
Extraembryonic membranes
-deliver food and oxygen to embryo, take away waste, protect embryo
Transition circulatory system
Fish: 2 chambers 1 circuit
Amphibians/reptiles: 3 chambers
Mammals/birds/some reptiles: 4 chambers 2 circuits
Two circulatory circuits
- Pulmonary (lung)
2. Systemic (body)
