Bio 121 Lab 1,2 Flashcards
Prokaryotic organisms
Domain bacteria
Domain archaea
Characteristics of domain eukarya
Nuclei
Membrane bound organelles
Fimbriae
Hairlike extensions for attachment to surfaces
Gram positive bacteria
Purple
Thick peptidoglycan
Gram negative bacteria
Pink
Thin peptidogylcan
Often pathogenic
Spherical bacteria
Coccus
Rod shaped bacteria
Bascillus
Comma shaped bacteria
Vibrio
Spiral/ rigid bacteria
Spirillium
Spiral/ flexible bacteria
Spirochaete
RO: Bifidobacterium
Phylum: actinobacteria Colonial Unicellular Sessile Heterotrophic SAPROTROPH Promotes growth good bacteria Thick capsule survive acid
Phylum actinobacteria
Gram positive
Break down material
Make nutrients
Antibiotic/antifungal
Saprotroph
Heterotroph that uses extracellular digestion
Ex. Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium friends
Lactobascillus
Streptococcus
RO: Anabaena
Phylum: Cyanobacteria -Freshwater -Multicellular filament -Gelatinous sheath- adhere -Asexual: fragmentation -Large # thylakoids- attachment pigments Heterocyst
Phylum Cyanobacteria
Blue green algae
Autotrophic (photosynthesize) unicellular-branched
Most aquatic some terrestrial
Heterocyst
Nitrogen fixation
Ex. Anabaena
Nitrogen for protein synthesis
Anabaena friends
Gleoscapa Spirulina Oscillatoria Nostoc Fishcherella
Domain archaea
5 kingdoms
- different cell membrane=survive extremes
- energy/nutrient source where light absent ex. Deep sea vents
RO: Halobacterium
Phylum: euryarchaeota
- Unicellular, red, bascillus
- Photoheterotrophic
- Extremely saline water
- Halorhodopsin
- Bacteriorhodopsin
- gas vesicles: float to surface for light/oxygen
- motile: flagellum
Halorhodopsin
-Specialized protein prevents dehydration
-light driven chloride pump
Ex. Halobacterium
Bacteriorhodopsin
- Red pigment protein
- sunlight energy -> proton gradient
- ATP synthase -> ATP
Halobacterium friends
Halococcus
Methanomonas
Eukaryotes
- linear chromosomes
- membrane bound organelles
- cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments
1. Protists 2.Fungi 3.Plantae 4.Animalia
Kingdom Protista
- extremely diverse
- mostly unicellular (except Fucus)
Phylum amoebozoa
- animal-like Protists
- pseudopodia
- fresh/salt water, moist soil, in animals
RO: amoeba
phylum: amoebozoa
- unicellular
- heterotrophic
- freshwater
- cytoplasm bound by cellmembrane
- microfilaments support pseudopodia- crawl/ engulf prey (phagocytosis)
- gray lens shaped nucleus
- transparent circular contractile vacuole (osmoregulation)
- food vacuole (intracellular digestion)
- cytoplasmic streaming (release nutrients)
- asexual (mitosis)
Amoeba friends
- Entamoeba gingivalis
- entamoeba histolytica
Phylum ciliophora
- animal-like Protists
- hairlike cilia for locomotion
- 2 types nuclei
- cell mouth
RO: paramecium
Phylum: ciliophora
- motile: cilia (beat food to ora groove)
- unicellular, heterotrophic, freshwater
- feeds on bacteria/ small Protists
- Pellicle: firm flexible outer covering
- no cell wall
- intracellular digestion
- 2 contractile vacuoles (osmoregulation)
- macronucleus (large bean) chromosome duplication
- micronucleus (small) store genetic info
- asexual (mitosis) and sexual (conjugation)
Paramecium friends
- stentor
- euglena
- spirostomum
Phylum charophyta
- division green algae
- autotrophic, eukaryotic, plant-like protists
- chlorophyll a and b
- cell walls
- chloroplasts: contain pigments
- most fresh water
RO: Micrasterias
Phylum: charophyta
-freshwater, unicellular, bilateral symmetry
-motile (glides): secretes mucilage
-2 semi-cells joined by isthmus
-cell wall prevents from bursting
Large clear nucleus in isthmus
-single large chloroplast contains chlorophyll a and b
-pyrenoids: convert sugar to starch for storage
-asexual: mitosis
Isthmus
- Joins semi-cells of micrasterias
- contains large clear nucleus
Pyrenoids
Convert sugar to starch in chloroplast of Micrasterias
Micrasterias friends
- Protococcus
- Selenastrum
- chlamydomomas
- ulothrix
- volvox
- scenedesmus
- ulva
- porphyra
Phylum phaeophyta
- brown algae
- large multicellular
- autotrophic
- chlorophyll a, c1, c2, fucoxanthin
RO: Fucus
Phylum: phaeophyta
- large multicellular, autotrophic, brown
- chlorophyll a, c1, c2, fucoxanthin
- wrack: high rocky shorelines
- pneumatocysts: air sacs keep floating at high tide
- holdfasts: attach Fucus to rocks
- dichotomously branching (equal) = symmetrical
- multicellular body = thallus
- receptacles
- conceptacles
Pneumatocysts
Air sacs that keep fucus floating at high tide
Holdfasts
Attach fucus to rocks against force of waves
Thallus
- undifferentiated, multicellular body of fucus
- flattened leaf like blade = lamina
- thin stem-like stipe (holdfast at base)
Receptacles
- Swollen tips of fucus
- bumps contain reproductive structures
Conceptacles
- small cavelike cavity where male/female gametes are produced
- recessed conceptacles = adaptation prevent drying out
- hairs block opening
Fucus friends
- kelp
- diatoms
