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Bio 121 Lab > Bio 121 Lab 3,4 > Flashcards

Bio 121 Lab 3,4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdom fungi

A

Phylum’s: chitridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

  • non-motile reproductive cells
  • multicellular, heterotrophic
  • cell walls = chitin
  • Saprobes
  • can degrade cellulose and lignin
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2
Q

Hyphae

A

Tubular branched filaments

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3
Q

Mycelium

A

Group of hyphae

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4
Q

Saprotroph

A

Use extracellular digestion to break down dead/decaying organic material

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5
Q

Symbionts

A

Live in association with other organisms (both benefit)

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6
Q

Spores

A

-waterproof and can remain dormant for years

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction (fungi)

A

Fragmentation if mycelium or asexual spores

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction (fungi)

A

Fusion of gametes produced in gametangia

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9
Q

Septa

A

Cross walls in hyphae

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10
Q

Aseptate/ multinucleate

A

Hyphae without septa, one cell multiple nuclei

  • chitridiomycota
  • zygomycota
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11
Q

Septate/ uninucleate

A

Hyphae containing septa, each cell only one nucleus

  • Ascomycota
  • basidiomycota
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12
Q

RO: allomyces

A 
Phylum: chitridiomycota
FLAGELLATED GAMETES
-saprotroph
-Freshwater
-Branching hyphae
-rhizoids (specialized hyphae)
-alternation if generations
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13
Q

Not motile sexual reproduction (3 fungi phylums)

A

Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

-hyphae grow together and fuse

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14
Q

Zygomycota reproductive structure

A

Zygospore

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15
Q

Ascomycota reproductive structure

A

Ascocarp (houses asci)

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16
Q

Basidiomycota reproductive structure

A

Basidiocarp (mushroom)

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17
Q

Phylum chitridiomycota

A
  • aquatic
  • microscopic, multinucleate, aseptate
  • motile gametes
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18
Q

Rhizoids

A
  • Attach (allomyces) to food structure

- secrete digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Male gametangium (allomyces)

A
  • Light orange

- below female gametangium

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20
Q

Female gametangium (allomyces)

A

-gray

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21
Q

Discharge papillae

A

Openings on gametangia where gametes are released

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22
Q

Allomyces friends

A
  • Neocallimastix

- batrachochytrium

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23
Q

Phylum zygomycota

A
  • terrestrial fungi
  • Saprotrophs, parasites, insect pathogens
  • no motile stage
  • multinucleate/ aseptate
  • sexual reproduction fusion gametangia
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24
Q

RO: rhizopus

A

Phylum: zygomycota

  • Bread mold
  • 3 Hyphae: stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores
  • extracellular digestion
  • amylase
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25
Q

Stolons

A

Form horizontal branching network, spread fungus over food, produce rhizoids

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26
Q

Rhizoids

A
  • Short branched hyphae
  • penetrate food,
  • anchor rhizopus into food source
  • secrete amylase
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27
Q

Amylase

A
  • Digestive enzyme secreted by rhizoids

- converts sugar to starch

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28
Q

Sporangiophores

Rhizopus asexual reproduction

A
  • Upright (expose to air currents) hyphae produced by stolons during asexual reproduction
  • each bearing sporangium
  • spores within sporangium
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29
Q

Rhizopus sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation

  • times of stress
  • zygosporangium structure
  • forms zygospore
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30
Q

Zygospore

A
  • produced by sexual reproduction
  • Contains diploid nucleus
  • thick wall protects from dessication
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31
Q

Rhizopus friends

A
  • Phycomyces

- entomophthora

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32
Q

Phylum ascomycota

A
  • cup fungi, powdery mildews, yeasts, morels, truffles
  • terrestrial saprotrophs
  • plant pathogens
  • septate, uninucleate
  • asexual reproduction (spores)
  • ascus
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33
Q

Ascus (asci plural)

A
  • Sac like reproductive structure
  • contained in ascocarp
  • haploid ascospores
34
Q

RO: sordaria

A

Phylum: ascomycota

  • saprotroph
  • loose mycelium lives on dung
  • brown ascocarp
  • neck grows to light, directs asci through gaps = ascospores release
  • shoots ascospores
  • gelatinous material allows spores to adhere to vegetstion
35
Q

Sordaria friends

A
  • morels
  • claviceps
  • ophiostoma
36
Q

Phylum basidiomycota

A
  • terrestrial saprotrophs
  • plant parasites
  • spectate, uninucleate
  • production basidiospores by basidia on basidiocarp
37
Q

RO: agaricus Bisporus

A

Phylum: basidiomycota

  • buried in food
  • only reproductive structure visible (facilitate spore dispersal)
  • releases enzymes from hyphae breakdown and absorb nutrients
  • gills, basidia, basidiospores, stalk, cap, velum
  • propels basidiospores
38
Q

Agaricus bisporus Sexual reproduction

A
  • Haploid mating strands hyphae fuse

- basidiocarp (mushroom) grows above soil

39
Q

Gills

A
  • Line underside of cap

- lined with basidia

40
Q

Basidia

A
  • site of meiosis

- haploid nuclei -> basidiospores

41
Q

Velum

A

Tissue on immature mushroom joining cap to stalk to cover and protect basidia

42
Q

Agaricus bisporus friends

A
  • Oyster mushrooms
  • shiitake mushrooms
  • bracket fungi
  • puffballs
43
Q

Green algae sugar storage

A

Stored as starch in chloroplasts

44
Q

Oogamy

A

Sexual reproduction, large non motile egg, small motile sperm (plantae)

45
Q

Kingdom plantae

A
  • Cell walls cellulose
    1. Alternation generations
    2. Gametangia and sporangia w multicellular walls (prevent dessication)
    3. Embryos nourished protected by gametophyte
  • nonvascular bryophytes
  • vascular lycopodiophyta and pteridophyta
46
Q

Non vascular plants

A
  • no vascular tissue
  • Small
  • restricted to moist habitat
47
Q

Vascular plants

A
  • vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
  • larger
  • terrestrial
48
Q

Phylum bryophyta

A
  • nonvascular “mosses”
  • small
  • moist habitats
  • water dependent for fertilization
  • sensitive to pollution
49
Q

RO: polytrichum

A 
Phylum: bryophyta
-boreal forests acidic soil 
-gametophyte (haploid) DOMINANT
-sporophyte (diploid)
-light spores: wind dispersal
-elongate stalk: expose to air 
-rhizoids absorption and anchorage
-antheridia and archegonia @ top of gametophyte
-external fertilization 
-sexual oogamy
Asexual fragmentation
50
Q

Gametophyte (bryophyta)

A
  • Small, leafy, photosynthetic, green, -long lived

- produces gametes

51
Q

Sporophyte (bryophyta)

A
  • non photosynthetic
  • dependent on gametophyte for nourishment
  • short lived
  • produces spores
  • single sporangium = capsule
52
Q

Sporangium/capsule

A
  • Capsule

- meiosis produce haploid spores

53
Q

Calyptra

A

Hairy cap covering immature sporangium

54
Q

Operculum

A

Lid at apex of sporangium protecting entrance rod spore producing region

55
Q

Antheridia

A
  • oval

- separated by sterile hairs (retain water)

56
Q

Archegonia

A
  • long flask shaped
  • surrounded by sterile hairs
  • long narrow neck swollen base
57
Q

polytrichum friends

A
  • Mnium
  • sphagnum
  • marchantia
58
Q

Vascular plants (tracheophytes)

A
  • Seed and seedless
  • vascular tissue
  • xylem and phloem
59
Q

Transition to land 5 obstacles

A
  1. Prevent dessication
  2. Absorb water
  3. Transport water/nutrients
  4. Support against gravity
  5. Disperse on dry land
60
Q

How do Vascular plants prevent dessication

A

Cuticle- waxy covering secreted by epidermis to prevent water loss

61
Q

Stomata

A

Pores for gas exchange

62
Q

How do vascular plants absorb water/nutrients

A
  • Rhizoids: hair like extensions absorb water
  • rhizome: horizontal stem
  • true roots for absorption and anchorage
63
Q

How to vascular plants transport water/nutrients

A

-conducting tissue: xylem and phloem

64
Q

Xylem

A

Tissue that transports water and minerals

65
Q

Phloem

A

Tissue that transports sugars

66
Q

How do vascular plants support themselves

A
  • Cell walls of cellulose

- secondary walls of lignin

67
Q

How do vascular plants disperse/ reproduce

A
  • spores in sporangia w multicellular walls

- spores covered in sporopollenin for protection

68
Q

Tracheids

A
  • thick walled water-conducting cells

- part of xylem tissue

69
Q

Sieve elements

A
  • specialized food conducting cells

- part of phloem tissue

70
Q

Phylum lycopodiophyta

A
  • club mosses
  • vascular plants
  • grow as epiphytes (on other plants)
71
Q

RO: lycopodium

A

Phylum: lycopodiophyta

  • undergrowth
  • gametophyte dominant
  • aerial stem
  • cone = strobilus (@apex)
  • leaves = microphylls
  • horizontal stem = rhizome
  • larger roots
  • each leaf (sporophyll) contains sporangium
  • bisexual gametophyte
  • homosporus
72
Q

Strobilus

A

Cone at top of lycopodium

73
Q

Microphylls

A

Leaves of lycopodium

74
Q

Rhizome

A
  • Horizontal stem of lycopodium
  • functions in asexual reproduction
  • allows plant to spread horizontally
75
Q

Homosporous

A

One size of spore (lycopodium)

76
Q

Lycopodium friends

A

Selaginella

77
Q

Phylum pteridophyta

A
  • ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
  • seedless vascular
  • sporophyte dominant
  • forest floors, epiphytes, crevices, boulders
  • megaphyll leaves
  • vascular tissue branched veins
78
Q

RO: polypodium

A 
Phylum: pteridophyta 
Rabbits foot fern 
-tropical forests 
-undergrowth boreal forests 
-horizontal rhizomes (asexual reproduction)
-alternation generations
-sporophyte dominant 
-tiny green photosynthetic gametophytes (bisexual heart shaped)
-sori (brown spots)
-catapults spores (sporangium opens)
79
Q

Sori (singular sorus)

A
  • Brown spots on underside of megaphylls
  • each a cluster of sporangia
  • site of meiosis = haploid spores
80
Q

Polypodium friends

A
  • salvinia
  • psilotum
  • equisetum

Bio 121 Lab (5 decks)

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