Bio 121 Lab 3,4 Flashcards
Kingdom fungi
Phylum’s: chitridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
- non-motile reproductive cells
- multicellular, heterotrophic
- cell walls = chitin
- Saprobes
- can degrade cellulose and lignin
Hyphae
Tubular branched filaments
Mycelium
Group of hyphae
Saprotroph
Use extracellular digestion to break down dead/decaying organic material
Symbionts
Live in association with other organisms (both benefit)
Spores
-waterproof and can remain dormant for years
Asexual reproduction (fungi)
Fragmentation if mycelium or asexual spores
Sexual reproduction (fungi)
Fusion of gametes produced in gametangia
Septa
Cross walls in hyphae
Aseptate/ multinucleate
Hyphae without septa, one cell multiple nuclei
- chitridiomycota
- zygomycota
Septate/ uninucleate
Hyphae containing septa, each cell only one nucleus
- Ascomycota
- basidiomycota
RO: allomyces
Phylum: chitridiomycota FLAGELLATED GAMETES -saprotroph -Freshwater -Branching hyphae -rhizoids (specialized hyphae) -alternation if generations
Not motile sexual reproduction (3 fungi phylums)
Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
-hyphae grow together and fuse
Zygomycota reproductive structure
Zygospore
Ascomycota reproductive structure
Ascocarp (houses asci)
Basidiomycota reproductive structure
Basidiocarp (mushroom)
Phylum chitridiomycota
- aquatic
- microscopic, multinucleate, aseptate
- motile gametes
Rhizoids
- Attach (allomyces) to food structure
- secrete digestive enzymes
Male gametangium (allomyces)
- Light orange
- below female gametangium
Female gametangium (allomyces)
-gray
Discharge papillae
Openings on gametangia where gametes are released
Allomyces friends
- Neocallimastix
- batrachochytrium
Phylum zygomycota
- terrestrial fungi
- Saprotrophs, parasites, insect pathogens
- no motile stage
- multinucleate/ aseptate
- sexual reproduction fusion gametangia
RO: rhizopus
Phylum: zygomycota
- Bread mold
- 3 Hyphae: stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores
- extracellular digestion
- amylase
Stolons
Form horizontal branching network, spread fungus over food, produce rhizoids
Rhizoids
- Short branched hyphae
- penetrate food,
- anchor rhizopus into food source
- secrete amylase
Amylase
- Digestive enzyme secreted by rhizoids
- converts sugar to starch
Sporangiophores
Rhizopus asexual reproduction
- Upright (expose to air currents) hyphae produced by stolons during asexual reproduction
- each bearing sporangium
- spores within sporangium
Rhizopus sexual reproduction
Conjugation
- times of stress
- zygosporangium structure
- forms zygospore
Zygospore
- produced by sexual reproduction
- Contains diploid nucleus
- thick wall protects from dessication
Rhizopus friends
- Phycomyces
- entomophthora
Phylum ascomycota
- cup fungi, powdery mildews, yeasts, morels, truffles
- terrestrial saprotrophs
- plant pathogens
- septate, uninucleate
- asexual reproduction (spores)
- ascus
Ascus (asci plural)
- Sac like reproductive structure
- contained in ascocarp
- haploid ascospores
RO: sordaria
Phylum: ascomycota
- saprotroph
- loose mycelium lives on dung
- brown ascocarp
- neck grows to light, directs asci through gaps = ascospores release
- shoots ascospores
- gelatinous material allows spores to adhere to vegetstion
Sordaria friends
- morels
- claviceps
- ophiostoma
Phylum basidiomycota
- terrestrial saprotrophs
- plant parasites
- spectate, uninucleate
- production basidiospores by basidia on basidiocarp
RO: agaricus Bisporus
Phylum: basidiomycota
- buried in food
- only reproductive structure visible (facilitate spore dispersal)
- releases enzymes from hyphae breakdown and absorb nutrients
- gills, basidia, basidiospores, stalk, cap, velum
- propels basidiospores
Agaricus bisporus Sexual reproduction
- Haploid mating strands hyphae fuse
- basidiocarp (mushroom) grows above soil
Gills
- Line underside of cap
- lined with basidia
Basidia
- site of meiosis
- haploid nuclei -> basidiospores
Velum
Tissue on immature mushroom joining cap to stalk to cover and protect basidia
Agaricus bisporus friends
- Oyster mushrooms
- shiitake mushrooms
- bracket fungi
- puffballs
Green algae sugar storage
Stored as starch in chloroplasts
Oogamy
Sexual reproduction, large non motile egg, small motile sperm (plantae)
Kingdom plantae
- Cell walls cellulose
1. Alternation generations
2. Gametangia and sporangia w multicellular walls (prevent dessication)
3. Embryos nourished protected by gametophyte - nonvascular bryophytes
- vascular lycopodiophyta and pteridophyta
Non vascular plants
- no vascular tissue
- Small
- restricted to moist habitat
Vascular plants
- vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
- larger
- terrestrial
Phylum bryophyta
- nonvascular “mosses”
- small
- moist habitats
- water dependent for fertilization
- sensitive to pollution
RO: polytrichum
Phylum: bryophyta -boreal forests acidic soil -gametophyte (haploid) DOMINANT -sporophyte (diploid) -light spores: wind dispersal -elongate stalk: expose to air -rhizoids absorption and anchorage -antheridia and archegonia @ top of gametophyte -external fertilization -sexual oogamy Asexual fragmentation
Gametophyte (bryophyta)
- Small, leafy, photosynthetic, green, -long lived
- produces gametes
Sporophyte (bryophyta)
- non photosynthetic
- dependent on gametophyte for nourishment
- short lived
- produces spores
- single sporangium = capsule
Sporangium/capsule
- Capsule
- meiosis produce haploid spores
Calyptra
Hairy cap covering immature sporangium
Operculum
Lid at apex of sporangium protecting entrance rod spore producing region
Antheridia
- oval
- separated by sterile hairs (retain water)
Archegonia
- long flask shaped
- surrounded by sterile hairs
- long narrow neck swollen base
polytrichum friends
- Mnium
- sphagnum
- marchantia
Vascular plants (tracheophytes)
- Seed and seedless
- vascular tissue
- xylem and phloem
Transition to land 5 obstacles
- Prevent dessication
- Absorb water
- Transport water/nutrients
- Support against gravity
- Disperse on dry land
How do Vascular plants prevent dessication
Cuticle- waxy covering secreted by epidermis to prevent water loss
Stomata
Pores for gas exchange
How do vascular plants absorb water/nutrients
- Rhizoids: hair like extensions absorb water
- rhizome: horizontal stem
- true roots for absorption and anchorage
How to vascular plants transport water/nutrients
-conducting tissue: xylem and phloem
Xylem
Tissue that transports water and minerals
Phloem
Tissue that transports sugars
How do vascular plants support themselves
- Cell walls of cellulose
- secondary walls of lignin
How do vascular plants disperse/ reproduce
- spores in sporangia w multicellular walls
- spores covered in sporopollenin for protection
Tracheids
- thick walled water-conducting cells
- part of xylem tissue
Sieve elements
- specialized food conducting cells
- part of phloem tissue
Phylum lycopodiophyta
- club mosses
- vascular plants
- grow as epiphytes (on other plants)
RO: lycopodium
Phylum: lycopodiophyta
- undergrowth
- gametophyte dominant
- aerial stem
- cone = strobilus (@apex)
- leaves = microphylls
- horizontal stem = rhizome
- larger roots
- each leaf (sporophyll) contains sporangium
- bisexual gametophyte
- homosporus
Strobilus
Cone at top of lycopodium
Microphylls
Leaves of lycopodium
Rhizome
- Horizontal stem of lycopodium
- functions in asexual reproduction
- allows plant to spread horizontally
Homosporous
One size of spore (lycopodium)
Lycopodium friends
Selaginella
Phylum pteridophyta
- ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
- seedless vascular
- sporophyte dominant
- forest floors, epiphytes, crevices, boulders
- megaphyll leaves
- vascular tissue branched veins
RO: polypodium
Phylum: pteridophyta Rabbits foot fern -tropical forests -undergrowth boreal forests -horizontal rhizomes (asexual reproduction) -alternation generations -sporophyte dominant -tiny green photosynthetic gametophytes (bisexual heart shaped) -sori (brown spots) -catapults spores (sporangium opens)
Sori (singular sorus)
- Brown spots on underside of megaphylls
- each a cluster of sporangia
- site of meiosis = haploid spores
Polypodium friends
- salvinia
- psilotum
- equisetum
