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Bio 121 Lab > Bio 121 Lab 3,4 > Flashcards

Bio 121 Lab 3,4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdom fungi

A

Phylum’s: chitridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

  • non-motile reproductive cells
  • multicellular, heterotrophic
  • cell walls = chitin
  • Saprobes
  • can degrade cellulose and lignin
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2
Q

Hyphae

A

Tubular branched filaments

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3
Q

Mycelium

A

Group of hyphae

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4
Q

Saprotroph

A

Use extracellular digestion to break down dead/decaying organic material

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5
Q

Symbionts

A

Live in association with other organisms (both benefit)

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6
Q

Spores

A

-waterproof and can remain dormant for years

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction (fungi)

A

Fragmentation if mycelium or asexual spores

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction (fungi)

A

Fusion of gametes produced in gametangia

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9
Q

Septa

A

Cross walls in hyphae

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10
Q

Aseptate/ multinucleate

A

Hyphae without septa, one cell multiple nuclei

  • chitridiomycota
  • zygomycota
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11
Q

Septate/ uninucleate

A

Hyphae containing septa, each cell only one nucleus

  • Ascomycota
  • basidiomycota
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12
Q

RO: allomyces

A 
Phylum: chitridiomycota
FLAGELLATED GAMETES
-saprotroph
-Freshwater
-Branching hyphae
-rhizoids (specialized hyphae)
-alternation if generations
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13
Q

Not motile sexual reproduction (3 fungi phylums)

A

Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

-hyphae grow together and fuse

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14
Q

Zygomycota reproductive structure

A

Zygospore

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15
Q

Ascomycota reproductive structure

A

Ascocarp (houses asci)

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16
Q

Basidiomycota reproductive structure

A

Basidiocarp (mushroom)

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17
Q

Phylum chitridiomycota

A
  • aquatic
  • microscopic, multinucleate, aseptate
  • motile gametes
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18
Q

Rhizoids

A
  • Attach (allomyces) to food structure

- secrete digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Male gametangium (allomyces)

A
  • Light orange

- below female gametangium

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20
Q

Female gametangium (allomyces)

A

-gray

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21
Q

Discharge papillae

A

Openings on gametangia where gametes are released

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22
Q

Allomyces friends

A
  • Neocallimastix

- batrachochytrium

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23
Q

Phylum zygomycota

A
  • terrestrial fungi
  • Saprotrophs, parasites, insect pathogens
  • no motile stage
  • multinucleate/ aseptate
  • sexual reproduction fusion gametangia
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24
Q

RO: rhizopus

A

Phylum: zygomycota

  • Bread mold
  • 3 Hyphae: stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores
  • extracellular digestion
  • amylase
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25
Stolons
Form horizontal branching network, spread fungus over food, produce rhizoids
26
Rhizoids
- Short branched hyphae - penetrate food, - anchor rhizopus into food source - secrete amylase
27
Amylase
- Digestive enzyme secreted by rhizoids | - converts sugar to starch
28
Sporangiophores | Rhizopus asexual reproduction
- Upright (expose to air currents) hyphae produced by stolons during asexual reproduction - each bearing sporangium - spores within sporangium
29
Rhizopus sexual reproduction
Conjugation - times of stress - zygosporangium structure - forms zygospore
30
Zygospore
- produced by sexual reproduction - Contains diploid nucleus - thick wall protects from dessication
31
Rhizopus friends
- Phycomyces | - entomophthora
32
Phylum ascomycota
- cup fungi, powdery mildews, yeasts, morels, truffles - terrestrial saprotrophs - plant pathogens - septate, uninucleate - asexual reproduction (spores) - ascus
33
Ascus (asci plural)
- Sac like reproductive structure - contained in ascocarp - haploid ascospores
34
RO: sordaria
Phylum: ascomycota - saprotroph - loose mycelium lives on dung - brown ascocarp - neck grows to light, directs asci through gaps = ascospores release - shoots ascospores - gelatinous material allows spores to adhere to vegetstion
35
Sordaria friends
- morels - claviceps - ophiostoma
36
Phylum basidiomycota
- terrestrial saprotrophs - plant parasites - spectate, uninucleate - production basidiospores by basidia on basidiocarp
37
RO: agaricus Bisporus
Phylum: basidiomycota - buried in food - only reproductive structure visible (facilitate spore dispersal) - releases enzymes from hyphae breakdown and absorb nutrients - gills, basidia, basidiospores, stalk, cap, velum - propels basidiospores
38
Agaricus bisporus Sexual reproduction
- Haploid mating strands hyphae fuse | - basidiocarp (mushroom) grows above soil
39
Gills
- Line underside of cap | - lined with basidia
40
Basidia
- site of meiosis | - haploid nuclei -> basidiospores
41
Velum
Tissue on immature mushroom joining cap to stalk to cover and protect basidia
42
Agaricus bisporus friends
- Oyster mushrooms - shiitake mushrooms - bracket fungi - puffballs
43
Green algae sugar storage
Stored as starch in chloroplasts
44
Oogamy
Sexual reproduction, large non motile egg, small motile sperm (plantae)
45
Kingdom plantae
- Cell walls cellulose 1. Alternation generations 2. Gametangia and sporangia w multicellular walls (prevent dessication) 3. Embryos nourished protected by gametophyte - nonvascular bryophytes - vascular lycopodiophyta and pteridophyta
46
Non vascular plants
- no vascular tissue - Small - restricted to moist habitat
47
Vascular plants
- vascular tissue: xylem and phloem - larger - terrestrial
48
Phylum bryophyta
- nonvascular “mosses” - small - moist habitats - water dependent for fertilization - sensitive to pollution
49
RO: polytrichum
``` Phylum: bryophyta -boreal forests acidic soil -gametophyte (haploid) DOMINANT -sporophyte (diploid) -light spores: wind dispersal -elongate stalk: expose to air -rhizoids absorption and anchorage -antheridia and archegonia @ top of gametophyte -external fertilization -sexual oogamy Asexual fragmentation ```
50
Gametophyte (bryophyta)
- Small, leafy, photosynthetic, green, -long lived | - produces gametes
51
Sporophyte (bryophyta)
- non photosynthetic - dependent on gametophyte for nourishment - short lived - produces spores - single sporangium = capsule
52
Sporangium/capsule
- Capsule | - meiosis produce haploid spores
53
Calyptra
Hairy cap covering immature sporangium
54
Operculum
Lid at apex of sporangium protecting entrance rod spore producing region
55
Antheridia
- oval | - separated by sterile hairs (retain water)
56
Archegonia
- long flask shaped - surrounded by sterile hairs - long narrow neck swollen base
57
polytrichum friends
- Mnium - sphagnum - marchantia
58
Vascular plants (tracheophytes)
- Seed and seedless - vascular tissue - xylem and phloem
59
Transition to land 5 obstacles
1. Prevent dessication 2. Absorb water 3. Transport water/nutrients 4. Support against gravity 5. Disperse on dry land
60
How do Vascular plants prevent dessication
Cuticle- waxy covering secreted by epidermis to prevent water loss
61
Stomata
Pores for gas exchange
62
How do vascular plants absorb water/nutrients
- Rhizoids: hair like extensions absorb water - rhizome: horizontal stem - true roots for absorption and anchorage
63
How to vascular plants transport water/nutrients
-conducting tissue: xylem and phloem
64
Xylem
Tissue that transports water and minerals
65
Phloem
Tissue that transports sugars
66
How do vascular plants support themselves
- Cell walls of cellulose | - secondary walls of lignin
67
How do vascular plants disperse/ reproduce
- spores in sporangia w multicellular walls | - spores covered in sporopollenin for protection
68
Tracheids
- thick walled water-conducting cells | - part of xylem tissue
69
Sieve elements
- specialized food conducting cells | - part of phloem tissue
70
Phylum lycopodiophyta
- club mosses - vascular plants - grow as epiphytes (on other plants)
71
RO: lycopodium
Phylum: lycopodiophyta - undergrowth - gametophyte dominant - aerial stem - cone = strobilus (@apex) - leaves = microphylls - horizontal stem = rhizome - larger roots - each leaf (sporophyll) contains sporangium - bisexual gametophyte - homosporus
72
Strobilus
Cone at top of lycopodium
73
Microphylls
Leaves of lycopodium
74
Rhizome
- Horizontal stem of lycopodium - functions in asexual reproduction - allows plant to spread horizontally
75
Homosporous
One size of spore (lycopodium)
76
Lycopodium friends
Selaginella
77
Phylum pteridophyta
- ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns - seedless vascular - sporophyte dominant - forest floors, epiphytes, crevices, boulders - megaphyll leaves - vascular tissue branched veins
78
RO: polypodium
``` Phylum: pteridophyta Rabbits foot fern -tropical forests -undergrowth boreal forests -horizontal rhizomes (asexual reproduction) -alternation generations -sporophyte dominant -tiny green photosynthetic gametophytes (bisexual heart shaped) -sori (brown spots) -catapults spores (sporangium opens) ```
79
Sori (singular sorus)
- Brown spots on underside of megaphylls - each a cluster of sporangia - site of meiosis = haploid spores
80
Polypodium friends
- salvinia - psilotum - equisetum

Bio 121 Lab (5 decks)

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