Big Ken Notes Flashcards
How long is the consolidation in humans?
At least 30 minutes.
Amnesia.
Refers to a loss of memory that can be complete, partial, permanent or temporary.
Who made the Multi Store Model? What is it?
Atkinson - Shiffrin.
Contains sensory, short term and long term memory.
Who made the model of working memory? Explain.
Baddeley and Hitch.
Contains phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive and episodic buffer.
Who made the levels of processing model? Explain.
Craig and Lockhart.
Contains structural, phonemic and semantic encoding.
Short term memory is not affected in simple tasks with age, but is affected with complex tasks.
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What form of memory declines with age? What doesn’t get affected?
Decline in episodic memories.
Procedural and semantic memories are unaffected.
Encoding takes longer in elderly people, storage is the same.
:)
If you do stuff in old age - :)
If you stay at home - suffer more memory loss :(
.-.
What does the Interference Theory suggest?
Suggests that forgetting is a result of material being retrieved becoming confused with other information in the memory.
Who first came up with the forgetting curve? How was it plotted?
Ebbinghaus.
Plot data showing the rate and amount of forgetting over time.
How much is forgotten in the first 60 minutes and in the first 8 hours.
What is the rate of forgetting in the first 20 minutes and over 60 minutes?
20min - Rapid
60min - 50%
>60min - Less rapid.
8hours - 65%
What is the equation for savings score?
(Time for original learning) - (Time for learning)
———————————————– x100
(Time for original learning)
What are the four stages in classical conditioning?
- Pre-conditioning phase.
- Acquisition phase.
- Post-conditioning phase.
- Extinction phase.
The process of classical conditioning is influence by what?
- Nature of the response.
- Association of the stimuli.
- Frequency and timing.
List some similarities between CC and OC.
- Both involve acquisition (a response is learned).
- Both involve spontaneous recovery.
- Stimulus Generalisation occurs.
- Stimulus discrimination occurs.
- The both involve the association of two events.
List some differences between CC and OC.
- In OC, the consequence determines the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
- In CC, learner is passive; In OC, learner is active.
- In CC, the stimulus is presented first and the response follows.
- In OC, the reinforcement/punishment follows the response.
- In CC, the two stimuli need to be presented closely.
- In OC, there can be a time delay (especially in humans).
- In CC, the response is an automatic, involuntary reflex response.
- In OC, the response is voluntary.
Parental modelling suggests that phobias are learnt vicariously by children observing the phobic responses of their parents.
:/
What does the socio-cultural approach to normality suggest?
Suggests that behaviour which is acceptable in one culture may not be in another.
What does the functional approach to normality suggest?
Suggest that behaviour is considered as normal if it enables you to function well in day-to-day life; whereas behaviour is considered abnormal if it stops a person from functioning effectively in society.
What does the situational approach to normality suggest?
Suggests that a behaviour that is normal in one situation may not be in another (Eg. Should not wear pijamas to work, but can in bed).
What does the medical approach to normality suggest?
Suggests that normality can be based on a set of symptoms, if an individual fulfills a set of symptoms for a disorder then they are abnormal.
What does the statistical approach to normality suggest?
Suggests that people whose behaviour lies outside the statistical majority will be considered as abnormal.
Define mental health.
A psychological state where an individual experiences social and emotional wellbeing, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to society.
Define mental illness.
A psychological dysfunction whereby an individual cannot cope with the stresses of everyday life and they do not experience social and emotional wellbeing.
What does the historical approach to normality suggest?
Suggests that historically, some behaviour may have been considered abnormal and perhaps illegal whereas in today’s society the behaviour is considered normal (Eg. Homosexuality).
