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AP Bio Exam Prep > Big Idea #2 > Flashcards

Big Idea #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vocab:
Anabolic Pathways
And Example

A
  • consume energy to build up complicated molecules from simpler ones.
  • they are sometimes called biosynthetic.
  • Ex: the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.
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2
Q

Vocab:

Catabolic Pathways

A

-Releases energy by by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones.

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3
Q

What is a major pathway of catabolism?

A

Cellular Respiration

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4
Q

What happened during cellular respiration?

Brief summary

A

Sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

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5
Q

Vocab:

Apomixis

A

The asexual reproduction of seeds where is there is no joining or, in deed, production of sperm and egg.

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6
Q

Vocab:

ATP

A

-Adenosine Triphosphate
-trip means three - three phosphate molecules
A-P~P~P
- = strong
~ = weak

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7
Q

Vocab:

ATP Synthase

A
  • The enzyme that actually makes ATP and ADP from inorganic phosphate.
  • works like ion pump in reverse.
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8
Q

Vocab:

Chemiosmosis

A

The process, in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP.

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9
Q

Vocab:

Binary Fission

A

Cell division meaning “division in half”
-Prokaryotes (bacteria and archea) also reproduce by binary fission but the prokaryotic process does not involve mitosis.

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10
Q

Vocab:

Active transport

A

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration gradient.
-mediated by specific transport proteins

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11
Q

Vocab:

Adaptive radiation

A

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities.

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12
Q

Vocab:

Calvin cycle

A

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis, involving fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

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13
Q

Vocab:

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic Protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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14
Q

Vocab:

Signal Transduction pathway

A

The process by which a signal on a cells surface is converted to a specific cellular response.

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15
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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16
Q

Vocab:

Ligand

A

Ligand is the term for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.

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17
Q

What does ligand binding generally cause?

A

Ligand binding generally causes a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape.

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18
Q

Vocab:

G protein-coupled receptor

A

A plasma membrane receptor that works w the help of a G protein.

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19
Q

Vocab:

G protein

A

A protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP.

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20
Q

Vocab:

Kinase

A

An enzyme that catalysts the transfer of phosphate groups.

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21
Q

Vocab:

Protein phosphatases

A

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

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22
Q

___________________ provide a mechanism for turning off the signal transduction pathway when the initial signal is no longer present.

A

Phosphatases

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23
Q

Vocab:

Adenylyl cyclase

A

Converts ATP to cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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24
Q

Vocab:
cAMP
(Cyclic AMP)

A

Activates protein kinase A which phosphorolates other proteins.
-second messenger

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25
Vocab: | Phosphodiesterase
An enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP.
26
Vocab: | Competitive inhibitor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
27
Vocab: | Concentration gradient
A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
28
_______ is given off as a product of all chemical reactions.
Heat
29
Vocab: | Entropy
The amount of free energy lost as heat to the environment.
30
Vocab: | Energy coupling
Occurs when the energy from a catabolic reaction is stored in ATP so that it can be available to an anabolic reaction.
31
Vocab: | Polarity
Water is a polar molecule, with a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other end.
32
Vocab: | Hydrogen bonding
Bonds between these partial positive and partial negative charges are hydrogen bonds.
33
Organisms obtain nutrients and eliminate waste products efficiently by maintaining high _________________________ at s cellular level.
Surface area to volume ratio
34
3 examples of surface area to volume ratios
1. Root hairs- are thin extensions of the root that increases surface area for water/mineral absorption. 2. Alveoli- are thin, small sacs in the lungs to increase surface area and maximize gas exchange. 3. Villi and microvilli- are finger like drone rooms of the small intestine to increase surface area are to increase absorption.
35
Vocab: | Ectothermic animals
Allow the cellular environment of the organisms to fluctuate with the environment.
36
Vocab: | Endothermic animal
Maintain a cellular environment that is different from the environment; requires higher metabolic rate.
37
_______ animals have a higher metabolic rate.
Small
38
Two stages in anaerobic respiration:
1. Glycolysis | 2. Alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
39
Vocab: | Glycolysis
- Is the breakdown of glucose | - occurs in the cytosol.
40
How many ATP can be produced from one NADH?
3
41
The second law of thermodynamics states...
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
42
2 components of the endomembrane system:
1. nuclear envelope | 2. golgi apparatus
43
Vocab: | Plasma membrane
-fluid like | A dynamic entity with a mosaic of different molecules present.
44
Vocab: | Amphipathic
Has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. | -ex: phospholipid
45
Molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration through the process of __________.
Diffusion
46
What drives diffusion?
Kinetic energy
47
What kind of molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer?
Small, nonpolar, or uncharged
48
Vocab: | Osmosis
Involves the movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration or from high water potential to low water potential.
49
Vocab: | Aquaporins
Proteins in the plasma membrane that increase the rate of water transport across the membrane.
50
When the water concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane, the two environments are __________.
Isotonic
51
Vocab: | Endocytosis
Occurs when ATP is used for cells to uptake a macromolecules and particulate matter.
52
Vocab: | Phagocytosis
Occurs when a large quantity of solid molecules is picked up. (It is then moved in the vesicle. Then, a lysosomes, digests the molecules w it's hydrolytic enzymes)
53
Vocab: | Pinocytosis
Occurs when a quantity of fluids are picked up in a bulk manner across the membrane.
54
Vocab: | Exocytosis
Occurs when the molecules are moved in a bulk manner out of the cell. (The molecules are then sent through the Golgi apparatus to be wrapped by a membrane and sent across the plasma membrane)
55
Vocab: | Endomembrane System
Consists of organelles that have a plasma membrane outside that is similar to the outside of a eurkaryotic plasma membrane. These structures are found in eukaryotic cells only.
56
7 parts of the Endomembrane System
1. Nucleus 2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4. Golgi body/apparatus 5. Lysosome 6. Vesicle 7. Vacuole
57
Vocab: | Nucleus
- contains the chromosomes and the nucleus. | - it is surrounded by a double lipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope.
58
Vocab: | Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- next to nuclear envelope and made of lipid bilayer exterior - has attacked ribosomes - site of membrane synthesis and protein folding
59
Vocab: | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- lipid bilayer exterior - no attached ribosomes - site of phospholipid production and poison detoxification
60
Vocab: | Golgi body/apparatus
- Stack of lipid bilayer membranes | - site of packaging of material to be sent from the cell and lysosome and vesicle maintenance
61
Vocab: | Lysosome
- A small membrane pocket that holds hydrolytic enzymes | - used in breakdown of nutrients and nonfunctional organelles
62
Vocab: | Vesicle
Small piece of membrane that is used for temporary storage.
63
Vocab: | Vacuole
Membrane structure used for long-term storage.
64
Vocab: | Mitochondrion
Double lipid bilayer structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes; site of cellular respiration.
65
Vocab: | Chloroplast
Double lipid bilayer structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes; site of photosynthesis
66
Vocab: | Ribosome
Can be bound or free in eukaryotes; free in prokaryotes; two subunits; site of translation.
67
Vocab: | Flagella
Made from microtubules in eukaryotes; protein structures that whip back and forth for cellular movement
68
Vocab: | Cilia
Microtubule structures found in animals and protists only; allow for cell movement or movement of materials along the surface.
69
Vocab: | Centriole
Found in animals only; helps to form the motorized spindle apparatus in mitosis
70
Vocab: | Homeostasis
It is the maintenance of stable internal cellular conditions such as temp., pH, salinity, ionic concentrations etc.
71
Vocab: | Osmoconformers
Aquatic animals that allow their internal conditions to fluctuate with the environment.
72
Vocab: | Osmoregulators
Aquatic animals that maintain internal cellular environments that are different from the outside environment; -energy from metabolic activity is necessary to maintain these set environments.
73
Vocab: | Ectothermic animals
Allow the cellular environment of the organisms to fluctuate with the environment.
74
Vocab: | Endothermic animals
Maintain a cellular environment that is different from the environment -requires higher metabolic rate.
75
Vocab: | Positive feedback
When the cellular processes increase the rate of a chemical reaction or cellular process and it's occurrence further increases the rate.
76
Example of positive feedback
Labor onset during childbirth
77
Vocab: | Oxytocin
Stimulates labor contractions.
78
Vocab: | Negative feedback
When a condition or chemical inhibits some cellular process and often maintains stability
79
Example of negative feedback
Insulin regulation
80
Vocab: | Kinesis
A random turning it movement of an organism to a stimulus
81
Vocab: | Taxis
Involves an organism turning towards or away from a stimulus
82
Can Chemotaxis be positive or negative?
Both! Chemotaxis Can be positive (towards a stimulus) or negative (away from a stimulus)
83
Vocab: | Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney.

AP Bio Exam Prep (7 decks)

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