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AP Bio Exam Prep > Big Idea #2 > Flashcards

Big Idea #2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vocab:
Anabolic Pathways
And Example

A
  • consume energy to build up complicated molecules from simpler ones.
  • they are sometimes called biosynthetic.
  • Ex: the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.
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2
Q

Vocab:

Catabolic Pathways

A

-Releases energy by by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones.

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3
Q

What is a major pathway of catabolism?

A

Cellular Respiration

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4
Q

What happened during cellular respiration?

Brief summary

A

Sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

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5
Q

Vocab:

Apomixis

A

The asexual reproduction of seeds where is there is no joining or, in deed, production of sperm and egg.

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6
Q

Vocab:

ATP

A

-Adenosine Triphosphate
-trip means three - three phosphate molecules
A-P~P~P
- = strong
~ = weak

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7
Q

Vocab:

ATP Synthase

A
  • The enzyme that actually makes ATP and ADP from inorganic phosphate.
  • works like ion pump in reverse.
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8
Q

Vocab:

Chemiosmosis

A

The process, in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP.

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9
Q

Vocab:

Binary Fission

A

Cell division meaning “division in half”
-Prokaryotes (bacteria and archea) also reproduce by binary fission but the prokaryotic process does not involve mitosis.

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10
Q

Vocab:

Active transport

A

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration gradient.
-mediated by specific transport proteins

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11
Q

Vocab:

Adaptive radiation

A

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities.

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12
Q

Vocab:

Calvin cycle

A

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis, involving fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

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13
Q

Vocab:

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic Protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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14
Q

Vocab:

Signal Transduction pathway

A

The process by which a signal on a cells surface is converted to a specific cellular response.

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15
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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16
Q

Vocab:

Ligand

A

Ligand is the term for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.

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17
Q

What does ligand binding generally cause?

A

Ligand binding generally causes a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape.

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18
Q

Vocab:

G protein-coupled receptor

A

A plasma membrane receptor that works w the help of a G protein.

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19
Q

Vocab:

G protein

A

A protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP.

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20
Q

Vocab:

Kinase

A

An enzyme that catalysts the transfer of phosphate groups.

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21
Q

Vocab:

Protein phosphatases

A

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

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22
Q

___________________ provide a mechanism for turning off the signal transduction pathway when the initial signal is no longer present.

A

Phosphatases

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23
Q

Vocab:

Adenylyl cyclase

A

Converts ATP to cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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24
Q

Vocab:
cAMP
(Cyclic AMP)

A

Activates protein kinase A which phosphorolates other proteins.
-second messenger

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25
Q

Vocab:

Phosphodiesterase

A

An enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP.

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26
Q

Vocab:

Competitive inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

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27
Q

Vocab:

Concentration gradient

A

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.

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28
Q

_______ is given off as a product of all chemical reactions.

A

Heat

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29
Q

Vocab:

Entropy

A

The amount of free energy lost as heat to the environment.

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30
Q

Vocab:

Energy coupling

A

Occurs when the energy from a catabolic reaction is stored in ATP so that it can be available to an anabolic reaction.

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31
Q

Vocab:

Polarity

A

Water is a polar molecule, with a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other end.

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32
Q

Vocab:

Hydrogen bonding

A

Bonds between these partial positive and partial negative charges are hydrogen bonds.

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33
Q

Organisms obtain nutrients and eliminate waste products efficiently by maintaining high _________________________ at s cellular level.

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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34
Q

3 examples of surface area to volume ratios

A
  1. Root hairs- are thin extensions of the root that increases surface area for water/mineral absorption.
  2. Alveoli- are thin, small sacs in the lungs to increase surface area and maximize gas exchange.
  3. Villi and microvilli- are finger like drone rooms of the small intestine to increase surface area are to increase absorption.
35
Q

Vocab:

Ectothermic animals

A

Allow the cellular environment of the organisms to fluctuate with the environment.

36
Q

Vocab:

Endothermic animal

A

Maintain a cellular environment that is different from the environment; requires higher metabolic rate.

37
Q

_______ animals have a higher metabolic rate.

A

Small

38
Q

Two stages in anaerobic respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation

39
Q

Vocab:

Glycolysis

A
  • Is the breakdown of glucose

- occurs in the cytosol.

40
Q

How many ATP can be produced from one NADH?

A

3

41
Q

The second law of thermodynamics states…

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

42
Q

2 components of the endomembrane system:

A
  1. nuclear envelope

2. golgi apparatus

43
Q

Vocab:

Plasma membrane

A

-fluid like

A dynamic entity with a mosaic of different molecules present.

44
Q

Vocab:

Amphipathic

A

Has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

-ex: phospholipid

45
Q

Molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration through the process of __________.

A

Diffusion

46
Q

What drives diffusion?

A

Kinetic energy

47
Q

What kind of molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Small, nonpolar, or uncharged

48
Q

Vocab:

Osmosis

A

Involves the movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration or from high water potential to low water potential.

49
Q

Vocab:

Aquaporins

A

Proteins in the plasma membrane that increase the rate of water transport across the membrane.

50
Q

When the water concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane, the two environments are __________.

A

Isotonic

51
Q

Vocab:

Endocytosis

A

Occurs when ATP is used for cells to uptake a macromolecules and particulate matter.

52
Q

Vocab:

Phagocytosis

A

Occurs when a large quantity of solid molecules is picked up. (It is then moved in the vesicle. Then, a lysosomes, digests the molecules w it’s hydrolytic enzymes)

53
Q

Vocab:

Pinocytosis

A

Occurs when a quantity of fluids are picked up in a bulk manner across the membrane.

54
Q

Vocab:

Exocytosis

A

Occurs when the molecules are moved in a bulk manner out of the cell. (The molecules are then sent through the Golgi apparatus to be wrapped by a membrane and sent across the plasma membrane)

55
Q

Vocab:

Endomembrane System

A

Consists of organelles that have a plasma membrane outside that is similar to the outside of a eurkaryotic plasma membrane. These structures are found in eukaryotic cells only.

56
Q

7 parts of the Endomembrane System

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Golgi body/apparatus
  5. Lysosome
  6. Vesicle
  7. Vacuole
57
Q

Vocab:

Nucleus

A
  • contains the chromosomes and the nucleus.

- it is surrounded by a double lipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope.

58
Q

Vocab:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • next to nuclear envelope and made of lipid bilayer exterior
  • has attacked ribosomes
  • site of membrane synthesis and protein folding
59
Q

Vocab:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • lipid bilayer exterior
  • no attached ribosomes
  • site of phospholipid production and poison detoxification
60
Q

Vocab:

Golgi body/apparatus

A
  • Stack of lipid bilayer membranes

- site of packaging of material to be sent from the cell and lysosome and vesicle maintenance

61
Q

Vocab:

Lysosome

A
  • A small membrane pocket that holds hydrolytic enzymes

- used in breakdown of nutrients and nonfunctional organelles

62
Q

Vocab:

Vesicle

A

Small piece of membrane that is used for temporary storage.

63
Q

Vocab:

Vacuole

A

Membrane structure used for long-term storage.

64
Q

Vocab:

Mitochondrion

A

Double lipid bilayer structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes; site of cellular respiration.

65
Q

Vocab:

Chloroplast

A

Double lipid bilayer structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes; site of photosynthesis

66
Q

Vocab:

Ribosome

A

Can be bound or free in eukaryotes; free in prokaryotes; two subunits; site of translation.

67
Q

Vocab:

Flagella

A

Made from microtubules in eukaryotes; protein structures that whip back and forth for cellular movement

68
Q

Vocab:

Cilia

A

Microtubule structures found in animals and protists only; allow for cell movement or movement of materials along the surface.

69
Q

Vocab:

Centriole

A

Found in animals only; helps to form the motorized spindle apparatus in mitosis

70
Q

Vocab:

Homeostasis

A

It is the maintenance of stable internal cellular conditions such as temp., pH, salinity, ionic concentrations etc.

71
Q

Vocab:

Osmoconformers

A

Aquatic animals that allow their internal conditions to fluctuate with the environment.

72
Q

Vocab:

Osmoregulators

A

Aquatic animals that maintain internal cellular environments that are different from the outside environment;
-energy from metabolic activity is necessary to maintain these set environments.

73
Q

Vocab:

Ectothermic animals

A

Allow the cellular environment of the organisms to fluctuate with the environment.

74
Q

Vocab:

Endothermic animals

A

Maintain a cellular environment that is different from the environment
-requires higher metabolic rate.

75
Q

Vocab:

Positive feedback

A

When the cellular processes increase the rate of a chemical reaction or cellular process and it’s occurrence further increases the rate.

76
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Labor onset during childbirth

77
Q

Vocab:

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates labor contractions.

78
Q

Vocab:

Negative feedback

A

When a condition or chemical inhibits some cellular process and often maintains stability

79
Q

Example of negative feedback

A

Insulin regulation

80
Q

Vocab:

Kinesis

A

A random turning it movement of an organism to a stimulus

81
Q

Vocab:

Taxis

A

Involves an organism turning towards or away from a stimulus

82
Q

Can Chemotaxis be positive or negative?

A

Both! Chemotaxis Can be positive (towards a stimulus) or negative (away from a stimulus)

83
Q

Vocab:

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney.

AP Bio Exam Prep (7 decks)

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