big exam Flashcards
Define the term truth.
correspondence to reality
Define the term validity.
when the conclusion follows logically form the premises
Define the term soundness.
when all the premises are true and the argument is valid
The purpose of formal logic is to discover truth.
false
A statement can be true or false.
true
An argument can be true or false.
false
A sound argument must be valid
true
A valid argument must be sound.
false
Match the three acts of the mind with their corresponding verbal expressions.
Judgment → Proposition (or statement), Simple Apprehension → Term, Reasoning (Deductive Inference) → Syllogism
What is the definition of logic?
The science and art of right thinking.
What are the three things associated with simple apprehension?
sense perception, mental image, concept
Give a definition of sense perception.
the act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching
Give the definition of mental image.
the image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object
Give the definition of simple apprehension.
an act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it
Mental image is the simple apprehension itself.
False
Sense perception is the act of seeing or hearing or tasting or touching.
true
The idea of a chair in your mind must be accompanied by the sense perception of a chair or by the mental image of a chair.
false
When we have simple apprehension of a thing, we grasp the thing’s essence.
true
If we were to affirm or deny something about a concept, we would be going beyond simple apprehension to judgment.
true
Match the three acts of the mind with their corresponding verbal expressions.
Reasoning (Deductive Inference) → Syllogism, Simple Apprehension → Term, Judgment → Proposition (or statement)
Indicate the number of notes possessed by the following concepts.
chair man rock dog oak tree angel
Chair → 2, Man → 5, Rock → 2, Dog → 4, Oak Tree → 3, Angel → 1
Choose the concept with the greatest extension: man or body body or animal substance or man animal or substance man or substance body or substance man or animal
Which has the greatest extension: man or body? → body, body or animal? → body, substance or man? → substance, animal or substance? → substance, man or substance? → substance, body or substance? → substance, animal or man? → animal
If something is sentient, then it is something rather than nothing.
True
The concept “man” has greater comprehension than the concept “body”.
true
The concept “man” has greater comprehension than the concept “animal”.
True
Porphyry once said that man is a “featherless biped”.
false
What is the extension of the concept “man”?
All the men there are, ever were, and ever will be.
What is the comprehension of the concept “man”?
A substance that is material, living, sentient, and rational.
What is the extension of the concept “animal”?
All the animals that there are, ever were, and ever will be.
What is the comprehension of the concept “wall”?
A substance that is material and non-living.
A substance that is material and non-living.
significance, supposition
What are the three ways terms can be divided according to signification? Choose three.
Univocal Terms, Equivocal Terms, Analoguous Terms
Match the given definition with the proper term.
Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used
Terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings.
Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirel different and unrelated meanings.
Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used. → univocal terms, Terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings. → analogous terms, Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirel different and unrelated meanings. → equivocal terms
Match the definition to the proper word it defines.
The use of a term according to its real or actual existence
The use of a term according to its mental or logical existence
The use of a term according to its verbal existence
The use of a term according to its real or actual existence → real supposition, The use of a term according to its mental or logical existence → logical supposition, The use of a term according to its verbal existence → material supposition
The term “photosynthesis” is an example of an equivocal term.
False
Equivocal terms have related meanings.
false
Many analogous terms are scientific terms.
false
Material supposition occurs when a term refers to something as it exists in the real world.
false
The three aspects of logic are simple apprehension, judgment, and deductive inference.
true
Give a definition of “term.”
A word or group of words that verbally expresses a concept
__________ is the act by which the intellect unites by affirming or separates by denying.
judgment
A judgment unites or separates two
concepts
A sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity is a
proposition
The three elements of any proposition are: the subject-term, the predicate-term, and the copula.
True
the ________ is the verbal expression of the subject of a judgment.
Subject-term
The _______ is the verbal expression of the predicate of a judgment
predicate-term
the______ is the word in the proposition that connects or relates the subject-term to the predicate-term and is the form of the verb “to be.
copula
Which of the following is a proposition
Snails love to take their time.
Just do it.
Boys are wild.
Why haven’t you made your bed?
Boys are wild., Snails love to take their time.
Which of the following is NOT a proposition?
All men are mortal.
Hi, how are you today?
Logic is awesome.
Christians are hypocrites.
Hi, how are you today?
What are the two kinds of relationships statements can have to one another
Opposition, Equivalence
What are the four ways A, I, E, and O statements can be related to one another?
Contradiction, Contrariety, Subcontrariety, Subalternation
Which two pairs of statements are contradictory
A and 0, E and I
Which types of statements are contrary
A and E
Which types of statements are subcontrary
I and O
Which types of statements are subalternate
A and I, E and O
Write the contradictory statement to: All lawyers are crooks.
Some lawyers are not crooks.
Write the contradictory statement to: No Lawyers are crooks
Some lawyers are crooks.
Write the statement contrary to: No lawyers are crooks
All lawyers are crooks.
Write the subcontrary statement to: Some lawyers are crooks
No lawyers are crooks.
Write the subalternate statement to: All lawyers are crooks
Some lawyers are crooks.
Write the subalternate statement to: Some lawyers are not crooks.
No lawyers are crooks.
What is the distribution of terms for an A statement?
Subject-term = Distributed; Predicate Term = Undistributed
What is the distribution of terms for an E statement?
Subject-term = Distributed; Predicate Term = Distributed
What is the distribution of terms for an I statement?
Subject-term = Undistributed; Predicate Term = Undistributed
What is the distribution of terms for an O statement?
Subject-term =Undistributed; Predicate Term = Distributed
What are the three ways terms can be divided according to signification?
Univocal Terms, Equivocal Terms, Analoguous Terms
Tell whether the following is a A, I, E, or O statement, and indicated the quantity and quality of each:
Afghanistan is not an unpleasant place.
Universal, E, Negative
What are the three ways in which statements can be converted into their logical equivalents?
obversion, conversion, contraposition
The two-step process for obverting a statement is: 1) Change the quality of the statement; and 2) Negate the predicate.
true
Which statements can be obverted?
A, I, O, E
You _____ a statement by interchanging the subject-term and the predicate-term.
convert
Which statements can be converted?
I, E
Partial conversion is the only way to convert which statement?
A
The three-step method for controposing a statement is: 1) Obvert the statement; 2) Convert the statement; and 3) Obvert the statement again.
True
Which statements can be contraposed?
A, O
Obvert the following statement: All men are mortal.
No men are immortal.
Contrapose the following statement: All men are mortal.
All immortal things are not men
Convert the following statement: All men are mortal.
Some mortal things are men.
Obvert the following statement: Some men are happy
Some men are not non-happy.
Convert the following statement: Some men are happy
Some happy things are men.
Which types of statements are subcontrary? Choose one.
I and O
What are the two kinds of reasoning?
Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning
Deductive inference is the act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent.
True
A syllogism is a group of proposiitons in orderly sequence, one of which (the consequent) is said to be necessarily inferred from the others (the antecedent).
True
The following sentence is the definition of what law? “If the antecedent is true, then the consequent must also be true.
The Essential Law of Argumentation
What are the three terms contained in a syllogism?
Major Term, Minor Term, Middle Term
Finish this sentence: In a syllogism, the major premise is the premise that contains the
major term
Finish this sentence: In a syllogism, the minor premise is the premise that contains the
minor term
Finish this sentence. “What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term” is called . . .
the dictum de omni
Finish the sentence. “What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term is called . .
the dictum de nullo
A syllogism contains three premises and a conclusion
False
The middle term is the term that does not appear in either premise.
False
In a valid argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
True
The minor term is the subject of the conclusion and the major term is the predicate of the conclusion.
True
By matching, indicate the major, minor, and middle terms in the following syllogism was well as the major and minor premises.
All mammals breathe oxygen.
A horse is a mammal.
Therefore, a horse breathes oxygen.
Major Term (P) → Things that breathe oxygen, Minor Premise → A horse is a mammal., Middle Term (M) → Mammal, Major Premise → All mammals breathe oxygen., Minor Term (S) → Horse
By matching, indicate the major, minor, and middle terms in the following syllogism was well as the major and minor premises.
All wars are bloody.
The War of Roses was a war.
Therefore, the War of Roses was bloody.
Major Premise → All wars are bloody., Middle Term (M) → Wars, Minor Premise → The War of Roses was a war., Major Term (P) → Bloody things, Minor Term (S) → War of Roses
The first terminological rule for syllogisms is that there must be _________ and only __________ terms.
Three
The second terminological rule for syllogisms is that the __________ term must not occur in the conclusion.
Middle
Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:
All wildebeasts are mammals.
All lions are felines.
Therefore, all felines are mammals.
Major Premise → All wildebeasts are mammals., Minor Premise → All lions are felines., P → mammals, S → felines, M → None
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
All wildebeests are mammals.
All lions are felines.
Therefore, all felines are mammals.
invalid, 1
Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:
All angles are created by God.
Gabriel is an angel
Therefore, Gabriel is created by God.
Minor Premise → Gabriel is an angel, S → Gabriel, Major Premise → All angles are created by God., P → things created by God, M → angels
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
valid
Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:
All mice eat cheese.
Some computer parts are mice.
Therefore, some computer parts eat cheese.
S → computer parts, M → mice, P → cheese, Major Premise → All mice eat cheese., Minor Premise → Some computer parts are mice.
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All mice eat cheese.
Some computer parts are mice.
Therefore, some computer parts eat cheese.
invalid,1
Rule 4 ensures that the major and minor term get connected.
True
A violation of Rule 3 results in a possibility of two different fallacies.
true
“Distribution” is the status of a term with regard to its comprehension.
false
Rule 5 for syllogisms is: “No conclusion can follow from two_______
negative, premises
Rule 4 for syllogisms is: “The ________ term must be __________ at least once.”
middle, distributed
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All queens are good.
All kings are good.
Therefore, all kings are queens.
S → kings, Major Premise → All queens are good., P → queens, M → good things, Minor Premise → All kings are good.
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All queens are good.
All kings are good.
Therefore, all kings are queens.
invalid, 4
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
M → men, Minor Premise → Socrates is a man., Major Premise → All men are mortal., S → Socrates, P → mortal
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All plants are living.
Some flowers are plants.
Therefore, some flowers are living.
valid
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
No plants are animals.
All animals are living.
Therefore, no living things are plants.
P → plants, Major Premise → No plants are animals., M → animals, Minor Premise → All animals are living., S → living things
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
No plants are animals.
All animals are living.
Therefore, no living things are plants.
invalid, 3
Rule 5 for syllogisms is: “No conclusion can follow from two
negative, premises
Rule 6 for syllogisms is: “If two _______ are __________, the __________ must also be __________.”
premises, affirmative, conclusion, affirmative
Rule 7 for syllogisms is: “If either premise is _________the conclusion must be __________.”
negative, negative
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
M → men, S → Socrates, Minor Premise → Socrates is a man., P → mortal, Major Premise → All men are mortal.
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal
valid
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All victories are glorious.
No defeat is a victory.
Therefore, no defeat is glorious.
Major Premise → All victories are glorious., M → victory, P → glorious things, S → defeat, Minor Premise → No defeat is a victory.
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All victories are glorious.
No defeat is a victory.
Therefore, no defeat is glorious.
invalid, 3
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
No haws are warblers.
Some birds are hawks.
Therefore, some birds are warblers.
P → warblers, Minor Premise → Some birds are hawks., S → birds, Major Premise → No hawks are warblers., M → hawks
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
,No haws are warblers.
Some birds are hawks.
Therefore, some birds are warblers.
invalid, 7
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All mermaids can swim.
Some nymphs are mermaids.
Therefore, some nymphs are not swimmers.
Minor Premise → Some nymphs are mermaids., Major Premise → All mermaids can swim., M → mermaids, P → swimmers, S → nymphs
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
Some nymphs are mermaids.
Therefore, some nymphs are not swimmers.
invalid, 6
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
All men are animals.
All men are mortal.
Therefore, all mortals are animals.
Minor Premise → All men are mortals., M → men, P → animals, Major Premise → All men are animals., S → mortals
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All men are animals.
All men are mortal.
Therefore, all mortals are animals.
invalid, 3
Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:
No maples are pines.
No oaks are pines.
Therefore, no oaks are maples.
S → oaks, P → maples, M → pines, Major Premise → No maples are pines., Minor Premise → No oaks are pines.
Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
No maples are pines.
No oaks are pines.
Therefore, no oaks are maples.
invalid, 5
Syllogisms that violate Rule 4 are said to commit the Fallacy of Illicit Process.
false
If the middle term is not distributed in either of the premises, then the syllogism is valid.
false
