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logic > big exam > Flashcards

big exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term truth.

A

correspondence to reality

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2
Q

Define the term validity.

A

when the conclusion follows logically form the premises

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3
Q

Define the term soundness.

A

when all the premises are true and the argument is valid

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4
Q

The purpose of formal logic is to discover truth.

A

false

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5
Q

A statement can be true or false.

A

true

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6
Q

An argument can be true or false.

A

false

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7
Q

A sound argument must be valid

A

true

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8
Q

A valid argument must be sound.

A

false

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9
Q

Match the three acts of the mind with their corresponding verbal expressions.

A

Judgment → Proposition (or statement), Simple Apprehension → Term, Reasoning (Deductive Inference) → Syllogism

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10
Q

What is the definition of logic?

A

The science and art of right thinking.

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11
Q

What are the three things associated with simple apprehension?

A

sense perception, mental image, concept

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12
Q

Give a definition of sense perception.

A

the act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching

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13
Q

Give the definition of mental image.

A

the image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object

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14
Q

Give the definition of simple apprehension.

A

an act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it

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15
Q

Mental image is the simple apprehension itself.

A

False

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16
Q

Sense perception is the act of seeing or hearing or tasting or touching.

A

true

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17
Q

The idea of a chair in your mind must be accompanied by the sense perception of a chair or by the mental image of a chair.

A

false

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18
Q

When we have simple apprehension of a thing, we grasp the thing’s essence.

A

true

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19
Q

If we were to affirm or deny something about a concept, we would be going beyond simple apprehension to judgment.

A

true

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20
Q

Match the three acts of the mind with their corresponding verbal expressions.

A

Reasoning (Deductive Inference) → Syllogism, Simple Apprehension → Term, Judgment → Proposition (or statement)

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21
Q

Indicate the number of notes possessed by the following concepts.

chair
man
rock
dog
oak tree
angel
A

Chair → 2, Man → 5, Rock → 2, Dog → 4, Oak Tree → 3, Angel → 1

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22
Q 
Choose the concept with the greatest extension:
man or body
body or animal
substance or man
animal or substance
man or substance
body or substance
man or animal
A 
Which has the greatest extension:
man or body? → body, 
body or animal? → body,
substance or man? → substance,
animal or substance? → substance, 
man or substance? → substance, 
body or substance? → substance, 
animal or man? → animal
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23
Q

If something is sentient, then it is something rather than nothing.

A

True

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24
Q

The concept “man” has greater comprehension than the concept “body”.

A

true

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25
Q

The concept “man” has greater comprehension than the concept “animal”.

A

True

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26
Q

Porphyry once said that man is a “featherless biped”.

A

false

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27
Q

What is the extension of the concept “man”?

A

All the men there are, ever were, and ever will be.

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28
Q

What is the comprehension of the concept “man”?

A

A substance that is material, living, sentient, and rational.

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29
Q

What is the extension of the concept “animal”?

A

All the animals that there are, ever were, and ever will be.

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30
Q

What is the comprehension of the concept “wall”?

A

A substance that is material and non-living.

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31
Q

A substance that is material and non-living.

A

significance, supposition

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32
Q

What are the three ways terms can be divided according to signification? Choose three.

A

Univocal Terms, Equivocal Terms, Analoguous Terms

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33
Q

Match the given definition with the proper term.

Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used
Terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings.
Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirel different and unrelated meanings.

A

Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used. → univocal terms, Terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings. → analogous terms, Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirel different and unrelated meanings. → equivocal terms

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34
Q

Match the definition to the proper word it defines.
The use of a term according to its real or actual existence
The use of a term according to its mental or logical existence
The use of a term according to its verbal existence

A

The use of a term according to its real or actual existence → real supposition, The use of a term according to its mental or logical existence → logical supposition, The use of a term according to its verbal existence → material supposition

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35
Q

The term “photosynthesis” is an example of an equivocal term.

A

False

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36
Q

Equivocal terms have related meanings.

A

false

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37
Q

Many analogous terms are scientific terms.

A

false

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38
Q

Material supposition occurs when a term refers to something as it exists in the real world.

A

false

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39
Q

The three aspects of logic are simple apprehension, judgment, and deductive inference.

A

true

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40
Q

Give a definition of “term.”

A

A word or group of words that verbally expresses a concept

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41
Q

__________ is the act by which the intellect unites by affirming or separates by denying.

A

judgment

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42
Q

A judgment unites or separates two

A

concepts

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43
Q

A sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity is a

A

proposition

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44
Q

The three elements of any proposition are: the subject-term, the predicate-term, and the copula.

A

True

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45
Q

the ________ is the verbal expression of the subject of a judgment.

A

Subject-term

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46
Q

The _______ is the verbal expression of the predicate of a judgment

A

predicate-term

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47
Q

the______ is the word in the proposition that connects or relates the subject-term to the predicate-term and is the form of the verb “to be.

A

copula

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48
Q

Which of the following is a proposition
Snails love to take their time.

Just do it.

Boys are wild.

Why haven’t you made your bed?

A

Boys are wild., Snails love to take their time.

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49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?
All men are mortal.

Hi, how are you today?

Logic is awesome.

Christians are hypocrites.

A

Hi, how are you today?

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50
Q

What are the two kinds of relationships statements can have to one another

A

Opposition, Equivalence

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51
Q

What are the four ways A, I, E, and O statements can be related to one another?

A

Contradiction, Contrariety, Subcontrariety, Subalternation

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52
Q

Which two pairs of statements are contradictory

A

A and 0, E and I

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53
Q

Which types of statements are contrary

A

A and E

54
Q

Which types of statements are subcontrary

A

I and O

55
Q

Which types of statements are subalternate

A

A and I, E and O

56
Q

Write the contradictory statement to: All lawyers are crooks.

A

Some lawyers are not crooks.

57
Q

Write the contradictory statement to: No Lawyers are crooks

A

Some lawyers are crooks.

58
Q

Write the statement contrary to: No lawyers are crooks

A

All lawyers are crooks.

59
Q

Write the subcontrary statement to: Some lawyers are crooks

A

No lawyers are crooks.

60
Q

Write the subalternate statement to: All lawyers are crooks

A

Some lawyers are crooks.

61
Q

Write the subalternate statement to: Some lawyers are not crooks.

A

No lawyers are crooks.

62
Q

What is the distribution of terms for an A statement?

A

Subject-term = Distributed; Predicate Term = Undistributed

63
Q

What is the distribution of terms for an E statement?

A

Subject-term = Distributed; Predicate Term = Distributed

64
Q

What is the distribution of terms for an I statement?

A

Subject-term = Undistributed; Predicate Term = Undistributed

65
Q

What is the distribution of terms for an O statement?

A

Subject-term =Undistributed; Predicate Term = Distributed

66
Q

What are the three ways terms can be divided according to signification?

A

Univocal Terms, Equivocal Terms, Analoguous Terms

67
Q

Tell whether the following is a A, I, E, or O statement, and indicated the quantity and quality of each:

Afghanistan is not an unpleasant place.

A

Universal, E, Negative

68
Q

What are the three ways in which statements can be converted into their logical equivalents?

A

obversion, conversion, contraposition

69
Q

The two-step process for obverting a statement is: 1) Change the quality of the statement; and 2) Negate the predicate.

A

true

70
Q

Which statements can be obverted?

A

A, I, O, E

71
Q

You _____ a statement by interchanging the subject-term and the predicate-term.

A

convert

72
Q

Which statements can be converted?

A

I, E

73
Q

Partial conversion is the only way to convert which statement?

A

A

74
Q

The three-step method for controposing a statement is: 1) Obvert the statement; 2) Convert the statement; and 3) Obvert the statement again.

A

True

75
Q

Which statements can be contraposed?

A

A, O

76
Q

Obvert the following statement: All men are mortal.

A

No men are immortal.

77
Q

Contrapose the following statement: All men are mortal.

A

All immortal things are not men

78
Q

Convert the following statement: All men are mortal.

A

Some mortal things are men.

79
Q

Obvert the following statement: Some men are happy

A

Some men are not non-happy.

80
Q

Convert the following statement: Some men are happy

A

Some happy things are men.

81
Q

Which types of statements are subcontrary? Choose one.

A

I and O

82
Q

What are the two kinds of reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

83
Q

Deductive inference is the act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent.

A

True

84
Q

A syllogism is a group of proposiitons in orderly sequence, one of which (the consequent) is said to be necessarily inferred from the others (the antecedent).

A

True

85
Q

The following sentence is the definition of what law? “If the antecedent is true, then the consequent must also be true.

A

The Essential Law of Argumentation

86
Q

What are the three terms contained in a syllogism?

A

Major Term, Minor Term, Middle Term

87
Q

Finish this sentence: In a syllogism, the major premise is the premise that contains the

A

major term

88
Q

Finish this sentence: In a syllogism, the minor premise is the premise that contains the

A

minor term

89
Q

Finish this sentence. “What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term” is called . . .

A

the dictum de omni

90
Q

Finish the sentence. “What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term is called . .

A

the dictum de nullo

91
Q

A syllogism contains three premises and a conclusion

A

False

92
Q

The middle term is the term that does not appear in either premise.

A

False

93
Q

In a valid argument, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

A

True

94
Q

The minor term is the subject of the conclusion and the major term is the predicate of the conclusion.

A

True

95
Q

By matching, indicate the major, minor, and middle terms in the following syllogism was well as the major and minor premises.

All mammals breathe oxygen.

A horse is a mammal.

Therefore, a horse breathes oxygen.

A

Major Term (P) → Things that breathe oxygen, Minor Premise → A horse is a mammal., Middle Term (M) → Mammal, Major Premise → All mammals breathe oxygen., Minor Term (S) → Horse

96
Q

By matching, indicate the major, minor, and middle terms in the following syllogism was well as the major and minor premises.

All wars are bloody.

The War of Roses was a war.

Therefore, the War of Roses was bloody.

A

Major Premise → All wars are bloody., Middle Term (M) → Wars, Minor Premise → The War of Roses was a war., Major Term (P) → Bloody things, Minor Term (S) → War of Roses

97
Q

The first terminological rule for syllogisms is that there must be _________ and only __________ terms.

A

Three

98
Q

The second terminological rule for syllogisms is that the __________ term must not occur in the conclusion.

A

Middle

99
Q

Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:

All wildebeasts are mammals.

All lions are felines.

Therefore, all felines are mammals.

A

Major Premise → All wildebeasts are mammals., Minor Premise → All lions are felines., P → mammals, S → felines, M → None

100
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
All wildebeests are mammals.

All lions are felines.

Therefore, all felines are mammals.

A

invalid, 1

101
Q

Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:

All angles are created by God.

Gabriel is an angel

Therefore, Gabriel is created by God.

A

Minor Premise → Gabriel is an angel, S → Gabriel, Major Premise → All angles are created by God., P → things created by God, M → angels

102
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

A

valid

103
Q

Match the correct statement and term with its corresponding category for the following syllogism:

All mice eat cheese.

Some computer parts are mice.

Therefore, some computer parts eat cheese.

A

S → computer parts, M → mice, P → cheese, Major Premise → All mice eat cheese., Minor Premise → Some computer parts are mice.

104
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All mice eat cheese.

Some computer parts are mice.

Therefore, some computer parts eat cheese.

A

invalid,1

105
Q

Rule 4 ensures that the major and minor term get connected.

A

True

106
Q

A violation of Rule 3 results in a possibility of two different fallacies.

A

true

107
Q

“Distribution” is the status of a term with regard to its comprehension.

A

false

108
Q

Rule 5 for syllogisms is: “No conclusion can follow from two_______

A

negative, premises

109
Q

Rule 4 for syllogisms is: “The ________ term must be __________ at least once.”

A

middle, distributed

110
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All queens are good.

All kings are good.

Therefore, all kings are queens.

A

S → kings, Major Premise → All queens are good., P → queens, M → good things, Minor Premise → All kings are good.

111
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,

All queens are good.

All kings are good.

Therefore, all kings are queens.

A

invalid, 4

112
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

A

M → men, Minor Premise → Socrates is a man., Major Premise → All men are mortal., S → Socrates, P → mortal

113
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All plants are living.

Some flowers are plants.

Therefore, some flowers are living.

A

valid

114
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

No plants are animals.

All animals are living.

Therefore, no living things are plants.

A

P → plants, Major Premise → No plants are animals., M → animals, Minor Premise → All animals are living., S → living things

115
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
No plants are animals.

All animals are living.

Therefore, no living things are plants.

A

invalid, 3

116
Q

Rule 5 for syllogisms is: “No conclusion can follow from two

A

negative, premises

117
Q

Rule 6 for syllogisms is: “If two _______ are __________, the __________ must also be __________.”

A

premises, affirmative, conclusion, affirmative

118
Q

Rule 7 for syllogisms is: “If either premise is _________the conclusion must be __________.”

A

negative, negative

119
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

A

M → men, S → Socrates, Minor Premise → Socrates is a man., P → mortal, Major Premise → All men are mortal.

120
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal

A

valid

121
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All victories are glorious.

No defeat is a victory.

Therefore, no defeat is glorious.

A

Major Premise → All victories are glorious., M → victory, P → glorious things, S → defeat, Minor Premise → No defeat is a victory.

122
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All victories are glorious.

No defeat is a victory.

Therefore, no defeat is glorious.

A

invalid, 3

123
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

No haws are warblers.

Some birds are hawks.

Therefore, some birds are warblers.

A

P → warblers, Minor Premise → Some birds are hawks., S → birds, Major Premise → No hawks are warblers., M → hawks

124
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates
,No haws are warblers.

Some birds are hawks.

Therefore, some birds are warblers.

A

invalid, 7

125
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All mermaids can swim.

Some nymphs are mermaids.

Therefore, some nymphs are not swimmers.

A

Minor Premise → Some nymphs are mermaids., Major Premise → All mermaids can swim., M → mermaids, P → swimmers, S → nymphs

126
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,

Some nymphs are mermaids.

Therefore, some nymphs are not swimmers.

A

invalid, 6

127
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

All men are animals.

All men are mortal.

Therefore, all mortals are animals.

A

Minor Premise → All men are mortals., M → men, P → animals, Major Premise → All men are animals., S → mortals

128
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,
All men are animals.

All men are mortal.

Therefore, all mortals are animals.

A

invalid, 3

129
Q

Indicate the major, minor, and middle terms, and the major and minor premises of the following syllogism:

No maples are pines.

No oaks are pines.

Therefore, no oaks are maples.

A

S → oaks, P → maples, M → pines, Major Premise → No maples are pines., Minor Premise → No oaks are pines.

130
Q

Indicate whether the following syllogism is valid or invalid, and if invalid, indicate which rule it violates,

No maples are pines.

No oaks are pines.

Therefore, no oaks are maples.

A

invalid, 5

131
Q

Syllogisms that violate Rule 4 are said to commit the Fallacy of Illicit Process.

A

false

132
Q

If the middle term is not distributed in either of the premises, then the syllogism is valid.

A

false

logic (17 decks)

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