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828 > Bias > Flashcards

Bias Flashcards

1
Q

Status-Quo Bias

A
  • Default option is ranked more highly
  • Hesitancy to change due to aversion to loss
  • Endowment effect (overvalue what you own)
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2
Q

Observed Association Explanations

A
  • Observed association is true
  • Due to chance
  • Resulted due to bias
  • Resulted due to confounding
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3
Q

Precision

A
  • Lack of random error (chance)
  • Study size
  • Study efficiency
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4
Q

Validity

A
  • Lack of systemic error
  • Internal validity (bias, confounding)
  • External validity (generalizability)
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5
Q

Internal Validity

A
  • Validity of inferences drawn that relate to study population
  • Ability of test to measure what it sets out to measure
  • Whether the experimental treatment makes a difference in this specific experimental instance
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6
Q

External Validity

A
  • Inferences about the extent to which a casual relationship holds over variations in persons/settings/treatments/etc
  • Validity of inferences drawn as they relate to groups OUTSIDE the study population
  • Extent to which the study findings can be generalized
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7
Q

Bias

A
  • Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review if data that can lead to conclusions are systemically different from the truth
  • Systematic error: incorrect estimate of association (RR or OR is wrong)
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8
Q

Why worry about Bias/Confounding?

A
  • Can cause incorrect results
  • Over or underestimate association
  • Change direction of association
  • Quasi-experimental research is prone to bias and confounding
  • Due to limited ability to remove the effect of other risk factors, ascertain exposure and outcome, representative sample
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9
Q

Validity

A
  • Randomization doesn’t eliminate threats to validity
  • Minimizes threats to internal validity
  • External validity can still be jeopardized due to stringent criteria
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10
Q

Sources of Bias

A
  • Caused by investigators or participants
  • During design/conduct of study
  • Occur in cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, or interventional studies
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11
Q

Major Types of Bias

A
  1. Selection Bias
  2. Information Bias
  3. Sampling or ascertainment bias
  4. Response/Participation Bias
  5. Lost to Follow-up Bias
  6. Publication Bias
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12
Q

Selection Bias

A
  • Distortion in measure of association
  • Results form manner in which subjects are selected into study population
  • Results differ from if you had enrolled entire population
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13
Q

Information Bias

A
  • Flaw in measuring exposure or outcome

- Collection of incorrect information from subjects

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14
Q

Sampling/Ascertainmetn Bias

A
  • Healthcare access bias
  • Length-bias sampling
  • Exclusion
  • Detection
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15
Q

Response/Participation Bias

A
  • Differences in characteristics between participants in study and non-participants
  • Non-participants having more severe symptoms or conditions not responding to surveys for example
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16
Q

Exclusion Bias

A
  • Applying exclusions to only one group being studied (controls or cases)
  • Can lead to over or under estimation
17
Q

Types of Information Bias

A
  1. Observer/interviewer bias
  2. Surveillance/detection bias
  3. Recall bias
  4. Reporting bias
  5. Response fatigue Bias
18
Q

Observer/Interviewer Bias

A
  • Knowledge of hypothesis
  • Disease or exposure status knowledge
  • Gathering selective data
19
Q

Surveillance/Detection Bias

A

-Disease ascertainment might be better in a more closely monitored population

20
Q

Recall Bias

A
  • Accuracy problems due to memory

- Differential recall - subject with disease are more likely to remember exposure in the past

21
Q

Reporting Bias

A

-Selective suppression or revealing of information

22
Q

Response Fatigue Bias

A

-Incorrect answers given at the end of a long questionnaire

23
Q

Misclassification Bias

A
  • Type of Information Bias
  • Subjects are incorrectly catagorized with response to either exposure or outcome
  • Placed into the wrong group
  • Can introduce bias towards or away from the null
24
Q

Non-differential Misclassification

A

-Proportion of subjects misclassified is about the same in each group

25
Q

Differential Misclassification

A
  • Information is more accurate in one study group

- Causes bias

26
Q

Methods to Control Bias

A
  • Select groups by similar mechanisms or sources
  • Choose study population that is easy to follow
  • Maximize follow-up
  • Standardize data collection
  • Interviewers/data collectors should be blinded
  • Facilitate recall

828 (13 decks)

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