Bias

Question 1

Sampling bias

Answer 1

Assessing a sample with an over-representation of one particular category of people

Question 2

Research bias

Answer 2

any deviation from the truth, causing distorted results and wrong
conclusions.

Question 3

Types of bias in research

Answer 3

• Selection bias
• Information bias
• Response bias
• Interviewer bias
• Publication bias
• Researcher bias
• Cognitive bias

Question 4

Types of selection bias

Answer 4

• Sampling bias/ Ascertainment bias
• Attrition bias
• Self-selection bias
• Survivorship bias
• Nonresponse bias
• Undercoverage bias

Question 5

What is attrition bias?

Answer 5

when participants who drop out of a study systematically differ from those who remain in the study

Question 6

How do you minimize attrition bias?

Answer 6

• offering incentives for participants to complete the study
• recruit more participants than the researcher needs,
• minimize the number of
  follow-up sessions or questions.

Question 7

What is self-selection bias?

Answer 7

when individuals voluntarily choose to participate in a study rather than being randomly selected by the researcher. This can introduce bias because the characteristics of people who choose to participate may differ systematically from those who do not.

Question 8

How do you avoid self selection bias?

Answer 8

by using random assignment

Question 9

What is survivorship bias?

Answer 9

you do not evaluate your data set in its entirety - focusing on “survivors” (i.e., who have passed some sort of selection process) and
forgetting those who went through a similar process and did not survive.

Question 10

What is non-response bias?

Answer 10

when the individuals who choose not to participate in a study differ systematically from those who do participate, and this difference affects the results of the study.

Question 11

How can you avoid non-response bias?

Answer 11

• by offering surveys in different formats
• ensuring confidentiality
• sending reminders

Question 12

What is under coverage bias?

Answer 12

when you only sample from a subset of the population you are interested in.

Question 13

What is information bias?

Answer 13

when key study variables are inaccurately measured or classified.

Question 14

What are the types of information bias?

Answer 14

• Recall bias
• Observer/ detection bias
• Performance bias

Question 15

What is recall bias?

Answer 15

Infrequent events will be more memorable for a longer period of time than routine events

Question 16

What is observer/ detection bias?

Answer 16

the tendency of researchers or observers to perceive, interpret, or report study outcomes in a manner consistent with their expectations or hypotheses.

Question 17

What is performance bias?

Answer 17

participants in a study modify their behavior because they are aware of what is the control and
what is the treatment.

Question 18

What is response bias?

Answer 18

refers to several factors that can lead someone to respond falsely or
inaccurately to a question.

Question 19

What are the types of response bias?

Answer 19

• Acquiescence bias
• Demand characteristics
• Social desirability bias
• Courtesy bias
• Question order bias
• Extreme responding

Question 20

What is acquiescence bias?

Answer 20

Tendency of respondents to agree with a statement when faced
with binary response options like “agree/disagree,” “yes/no,”

Question 21

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 21

Cues that might indicate the research objectives to participants.

Question 22

What is social desirability bias?

Answer 22

Tendency of participants to give responses that they believe will be viewed favorably by the researcher.

Question 23

What is courtesy bias?

Answer 23

Reluctance to give negative feedback, so as to be polite to the person asking the question, may involve fear of repercussion too.

Question 24

What is question order bias?

Answer 24

The order in which interview questions are asked influences the way the respondent interprets and evaluates them.

Question 25

What is extreme responding?

Answer 25

The tendency of a respondent to answer in the extreme, choosing the lowest or highest response available

Question 26

What is a population?

Answer 26

entire group to which results are to be applied

Question 27

What is a sample?

Answer 27

subset of population yielding results