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Final Exam Study Sets > BI323 Final Exam Material from Exam 3 > Flashcards

BI323 Final Exam Material from Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sum of ALL chemical reactions occuring in a cell

A

metabolism

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2
Q

breakdown of complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules releasing energy

A

catabolism

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3
Q

biosynthesis of complex molecules requiring energy input

A

anabolism

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4
Q

use of sunlight as an energy source

A

phototrophy

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5
Q

obtain energy by oxidation of electron donors and organic molecules in their environment

A

chemoorganotrophy

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6
Q

obtain energy by oxidation of inorganic molecules in their environment

A

chemolithotrophy

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7
Q

release of electrons during oxidation, requiring an electron acceptor

A

chemotrophic metabolism

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8
Q

does not use an electron transport chain but an acceptor that is endogenous to degrade and oxidize an organic energy source under anaerobic conditions with limited energy

A

fermentation

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9
Q

electrons pass through the electron transport chain to an O2 terminal electron acceptor generating a potential energy source

A

aerobic respiration

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10
Q

electrons pass through the electron transport chain to a non-O2 terminal acceptor yielding less energy

A

anaerobic respiration

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11
Q

substances and processes origination within an organism, tissue, or cell

A

endogenous

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12
Q

caused by factors or agents outside the organism or system

A

exogenous

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13
Q

pathway for glucose degradation to pyruvate into cytoplasmic matrix
-AKA: Embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

glycolysis

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14
Q

functions for NADPH serving as a source for biosynthesis, produce erythrose-4-P for amino acid synthesis, produce ribose-5-P for nucleic acid synthesis, and intermediate ATP production

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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15
Q

for every 1 glucose molecule, it yields 1 ATP, NADPH, and NADH

A

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

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16
Q

competes oxidation and degradation of glucose and other molecules as well as providing carbon skeletons for biosynthesis
-common in aerobic bacteria, free-living protozoa, most algae, and fungi

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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17
Q

process by which 1 STP is synthesized using energy from electron transport driven by oxidation of a chemical energy source

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

process of moving ions to the other side of the biological membranes generating a charge difference
-mechanism of ATP synthesis: proton motive force

A

chemiosmosis

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19
Q

series of electron carriers flowing from a negative charge to a more positive charge by electrons from NADH and FADH2 transferring to the terminal electron acceptor

A

electron transport chain

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20
Q

stationary phase, low aeration, high O2 affinity, and no H+ pump
-cyt b558d and cyt b595d

A

cyt bd branch

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21
Q

log phase, high aeration, moderate O2 affinity, presence of H+ pump
-cyt b562o

A

cyt bo branch

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22
Q

inhibit flow of electrons such as antibiotics - piericidin and antimycin

A

blockers

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23
Q

disconnect electron flow from oxidative phosphorylation causing electrons to become lost by allowing ion movement without ATP synthase activity or directly inhibiting ATP synthase

A

uncouplers

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24
Q

What is ATP production dependent on?

A

growth conditions and nature of the electron transport chain

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25
Q

What are some principles governing biosynthesis?

A

1.) macromolecules synthesized from limited number of monomers
2.) many enzymes for catabolism and anabolism save material and energy
3.) catabolic and anabolic pathways are not identical
4.) ATP hydrolysis coupled with reactions in biosynthetic pathways
5.) anabolic and catabolic reactions have separate compartments allowing them to operate simultaneously or independently
6.) different cofactors for catabolic and anabolic pathways
7.) require precursor metabolites

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26
Q

C skeletons are a starting point for monomer synthesis needed to make macromolecules
-lack a functional group including NH2 and -SH

A

precursor metabolites

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27
Q

synthesis of glucose-6-P from noncarbonhydrate precursors with 3 reactions catalyzed by enzymes specific for the process
-synthesis of monosaccharides

A

gluconeogenesis

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28
Q

“carrier of glucose into the cell”
-synthesis of monosaccharides

A

nucleoside diphosphate sugars

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29
Q

adjacent polysaccharides chains are cross-linked by bonds formed between stem peptides
-cell wall biosynthesis with a backbone of alternating sugars of NAG and NAM

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

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30
Q

What does NAG stand for?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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31
Q

What does NAM stand for?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

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32
Q

What are the general steps of peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

1.) formation of peptidoglycan subunits
2.) formation of repeat unit
3.) transport of repeat unit via bactoprenol
4.) repeat unit attached to growing peptidoglycan chain
5.) chains are crosslinked via transpeptidation

33
Q

carbon skeleton is remodeled and an amino acid group, sometimes sulfur, is added

A

amino acid synthesis

34
Q

nitrogen is incorporated with ammonia, nitrate, and some nitrogen gas

A

nitrogen assimilation

35
Q

replenish TCA intermediates allowing the cycle to function during periods of active biosynthesis through 2 ways

A

amplerotic reaction

36
Q

only supplies TCA cycle with oxaloacetate - pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

A

anaplerotic CO2 fixation

37
Q

closed circular, supercoiled and associated with basic proteins

A

bacteria

38
Q

linear molecules coiled with repeating units/nucleosomes and is associated with histones

A

eukaryotes

39
Q

circular molecules coiled with nucleosomes and is associated with histones

A

archaea

40
Q

bidirectional with a single origin of replication and replicon

A

prokaryote replication

41
Q

single point of chromosomal replication

A

origin of replication

42
Q

portion of genome that contains an origin and is replicated as a unit

A

replicon

43
Q

circular template of DNA is replicated as a long single stranded DNA that is used by viruses and plasmids as its rapid and many copies can come from 1 initation

A

rolling circle mechanism

44
Q

denatures doubling-stranded DNA

A

DnaA proteins

45
Q

part of the replisome that requires a RNA primer

A

DNA pol III

46
Q

synthesizes a short 10-base RNA molecule complementary to the template

A

primase

47
Q

disrupts hydrogen bonds holding parental DNA strands together unwinds

A

helicase

48
Q

coat single stranded DNA to protect it from damage

A

single-stranded DNA binding proteins

49
Q

relieve the twist generated by rapid unwinding of double helix

A

topoisomerase

50
Q

linear sequence of nucleotides with a fixed start and end point encoding polypeptide. tRNA, and rRNA

A

gene

51
Q

gene encoding a polypeptide

A

cistron

52
Q

organization of codons that can be read to give rise to a gene product

A

reading frame

53
Q

template strand directing mRNA synthesis

A

coding gene

54
Q

RNA polymerase binding with consensus sequences being -35/-10

A

promoter

55
Q

transcribed into mRNA but no translated into amino acid

A

leader

56
Q

ribosome binding site at 16S

A

Shine-Dalgarno

57
Q

encodes more than 1 polypeptide with gene products often functioning together

A

polycistronic

58
Q

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

A

transcription

59
Q

What are the general steps of transcription?

A

1.) initiation
2.) elongation
3.) termination

60
Q

What are some key points that happen during transcription’s elongation step?

A

-RNA polymerase slides along DNA creating an open complex
-DNA template strand is used to make a complementary copy of RNA
-RNA is synthesized in a 5’ to 3’ direction
-complementary rule

61
Q

mRNA hairpin and 6 uridines release RNA polymerase during termination

A

Rho-independent

62
Q

requires a rho factor during termination

A

Rho-dependent

63
Q

What are the differences in archaeal transcription?

A

-single RNA polymerase
-eukaryotic-like promoters
-mRNA is polycistronic and has introns

64
Q

decoding mRNA and using it to build a protein

A

translation

65
Q

bacteria causing initation

A

fMet

66
Q

prevents 30S from binding to 50S

A

IF-3

67
Q

bings GTP and fMet-RNA and guides them to P site of 30S

A

IF-2

68
Q

binds to 30S causing IF-3 to leave and create 30S initiation complex

A

IF-1

69
Q

binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA

A

aminoacyl/A site

70
Q

binds initiator tRNA or peptidyl-tRNA

A

peptidyl/P site

71
Q

briefly binds empty tRNA before it leaves ribosome

A

exit/E site

72
Q

What are the 3 stop condons in translation termination?

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

73
Q

removal of part of the polypeptide before folding

A

protein splicing

74
Q

removed portion of the polypeptide

A

inteins

75
Q

portions of polypeptide that remain in the protein

A

exteins

76
Q

aid in folding of nascent polypeptides and protect cells from thermal damage

A

molecular chaperones

77
Q

What are the protein translocation pathways that are found in Gm- and Gm+?

A

1.) sec-dependent
2.) twin-arginine translocation pathways
3.) type I protein secretion pathway
4.) type IV secretion pathway

78
Q

What are the protein translocation pathways that are only found in Gm- bacteria?

A

1.) type II pathway
2.) type III protein secretion pathway

Final Exam Study Sets (6 decks)

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