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Final Exam Study Sets > BI323 Final Exam Material from Exam 1 > Flashcards

BI323 Final Exam Material from Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Koch’s postulate

A

used to prove a casual relationship between microorganism and disease

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2
Q

What are the 4 protocols in Koch’s postulate?

A

1.) microorganisms must be present in every case of disease but absent in healthy individuals
2.) suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3.) some disease must result when isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4.) same microorganism must be isolated again from diseased host

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3
Q

increase in apparent size of specimen that’s calculated by multiplying magnification factors of lenses

A

magnification

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4
Q

minimum distance that 2 objects can be separated from 1 another and still be recognized as distinct objects

A

resolution

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5
Q

How can you increase resolution?

A

1.) focus illumination light
2.) decrease illumination wavelength
3.) oil immersion at 100X

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6
Q

method of lighting specimen from an opposite objective

A

brightfield illumination

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7
Q

illumination of specimen without projecting light directly into objective with specialized microscopic lighting technique

A

darkfield illumination

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8
Q

What is the purpose of preparing and visualizing specimen?

A

1.) increase visability
2.) accentuates specific morphology features
3.) preserves specimen

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9
Q

What is the process of preparing a specimen for staining and visualization?

A

1.) fixation
2.) staining
3.) visualization

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10
Q

preserves overall morphology but not internal structures

A

heat fixation

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11
Q

protects fine cellular substructures and morphology of larger, delicate organisms

A

chemical fixation

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12
Q

use of a single agent/dye with more frequently basic dyes being used (crystal violet, methylene blue)

A

simple staining

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13
Q

divides microorganisms into groups based on staining properties

A

differential staining

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14
Q

based on cell wall composition
-Gm+ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that prevents loss of crystal violet
-Gm- bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, not preventing decolorization

A

Gram staining

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15
Q

Briefly describe the gram staining process.

A

1.) crystal violet is the primary stain
2.) Gram iodine as the mordant
3.) 95% ethanol as the decolorization
4.) safranin as the counterstain

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16
Q

What would the results of gram staining mean?

A

Gm+ = purple
Gm- = pink

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17
Q

stained Myobacterium (tuberculosis and leprosy) based on high lipid content in cell walls

A

acid-fast staining

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18
Q

visualize capsules that appear colorless against a staining background

A

capsule staining

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19
Q

double staining technique to visualize a bacterial endospore-green vs. vegetative cell-pink

A

endospore staining

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20
Q

non-fixed living cells seen through the conversion of phase shifts in light passing through a specimen to brightness changes in image

A

phase-contrast light microscopy

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21
Q

uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination

A

electron microscopy

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22
Q

What is the difference between scanning and transmission when using an electron microscope?

A

scanning only allows you to see the surface of the organisms vs. transmission allows you to see the internal cellular structures

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23
Q

simpler than eukaryotic cell structure with unique structures not observed in eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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24
Q

sphere-shaped

A

coccus

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25
Q

pair of sphere-shaped bacteria

A

diplocuccus

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26
Q

chains of sphere-shaped cells

A

streptococci

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27
Q

grape-like clusters of sphere-shaped cells

A

staphylococci

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28
Q

4 cocci in a square

A

tetrads

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29
Q

cubic formation of 8 cocci

A

sarcinae

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30
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

bacillus

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31
Q

very short rods

A

coccobacilli

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32
Q

“comma” shaped bacteria

A

vibrio

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33
Q

rigid helices

A

spirilum

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34
Q

flexible helices

A

spriochetes

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35
Q

form hyphae

A

filementous

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36
Q

branched hyphae

A

mycelium

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37
Q

includes plasma membrane and surrounding layers

A

cell envelope

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38
Q

separates cell interior from environment, selectively permeable (transport system), perform crucial metabolic processes, and has TM protein membrane receptor used for detection and response to chemicals

A

plasma membrane

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39
Q

What are the components of a cell’s plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids and peripheral and integral membrane proteins

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40
Q

List some macronutrients found in the plasma membrane.

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron

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41
Q

List some micronutrients found in the plasma membrane.

A

manganese, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, copper

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42
Q

What are growth factors and give some examples?

A

essential cell components that can’t be synthesized - amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and vitamins

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43
Q

does not require energy to move substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

A

passive diffusion

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44
Q

spontaneous transport of glycerol, amino acids, and sugars from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the size of the gradient impacting uptake rate
-rate reaches a plateau
-has a presence of carrier molecules and requirement of smaller concentration gradient

A

facilitated diffusion

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45
Q

energy-dependent process whether it is ATP or proton motive force that goes against the concentration gradient and requires carrier proteins

A

active transport

46
Q

transports sugars, amino acids, and specific antibiotics
-ubiquitously conserved
-consists of 2 nucleotide binding domains and a substrate binding protein that delivers molecule to transporter

A

ABC transporteres

47
Q

use ion gradient to co-transport substances

A

secondary active transport

48
Q

2 substances move in the same direction

A

symport

49
Q

2 substances move in opposite directions

A

antiport

50
Q

energy-dependent process where a molecule crossing the cell membrane gets transported AND transformed in many facultative anaerobes

A

group translocation

51
Q

iron sources are transported into Gm- bacterial cell via ABC or enters directly
-siderophores aid in uptake

A

iron uptake

52
Q

rigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane giving the cell its shape, provide protection from toxic substances, and contribute to pathogenicity
-made of peptidoglycans

A

cell wall

53
Q

hypotonic solutions that the cell wall can protect against

A

osmotic lysis

54
Q

hypertonic solutions that cell wall can’t protect against

A

plasmolysis

55
Q

What is the cell wall structure of Gm- bacteria?

A

thin peptidoglycan layer that can easily be decolorized
-outer membrane consists of lipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and adhesion sites

56
Q

What is the cell wall structure of Gm+ bacteria?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer that cannot easily be decolorized and contains teichoic acid and a surface layer of proteins

57
Q

direct contact between plasma membrane and outer membrane that may allow direct movement of material into cell
-found in Gm- bacteria

A

adhesion sites

58
Q

What are the 3 components of lipopolysaccarides

A

O antigen, core polysaccharide, and lipid A

59
Q

immunogenic and provides protection from host defenses

A

O antigen

60
Q

contributes to negative charge on cell’s surface

A

core polysaccaride

61
Q

stabilizes outer membrane and is endotoxin

A

lipid A

62
Q

space between inner and outer membrane containing periplasmic enzymes and exoenzymes

A

periplasmic space

63
Q

function for nutrient acquisition, electron transport, peptidoglycan synthesis, and modification in Gm- bacteria

A

periplasmic enzyme

64
Q

function for nutrient acquisition, electron transport, peptidoglycan synthesis, and modification in Gm+ bacteria

A

exoenzyme

65
Q

layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall that are well organized and resist phagocytosis

A

capsule layer

66
Q

layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall that are disorganized, easily removed, and diffuse

A

slime layer

67
Q

What is the name for the combination of the capsule and slime layer?

A

glycocalyx

68
Q

structured layer of proteins or glycoproteins outside the cell wall that is common among Archaea

A

s-layer

69
Q

What is different about Archaeal plasma membrane and cell wall compared to prokaryotes?

A

-plasma membrane: composed of unique lipids in a monolayer structure
-cell wall: lack peptidoglycans

70
Q

~70% water between membrane and nucleoid packed with ribosomes and inclusion bodies

A

cytoplasmic matrix

71
Q

widely observed in bacteria and archaea functioning in cell divison

A

FtsZ

72
Q

found in most rod-shaped bacteria functioning to determine cell shape, chromosome segregation, localizing proteins, motility, and establishing cell polarity

A

Mbl

73
Q

observed in C. crescentus inducing curvature

A

crescentin

74
Q

found in many photosynthetic and high respiratory activity bacteria acting as an aggregate of spherical and flattened vesicles and tubular membrane

A

plasma membrane in-foldings

75
Q

membrane-bound organelle unique to Planctomycetes that generates and maintains a proton motor force for ATP synthesis

A

anammoxosome

76
Q

aggregation of (in)organic materials

A

inclusions

77
Q

What are the 2 carbon storage inclusions?

A

glycogen and poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

78
Q

What does a phosphate inclusion store?

A

polyphosphate granules

79
Q

What does a sulfur inclusion store?

A

sulfur globules

80
Q

What does a nitrogen inclusion store and in which bacteria?

A

cyanophycin granules in cyanobacteria

81
Q

not bound by lipid bilayer that functions as other than metabolic stockpile
-EX: carboxysomes

A

microcompartments

82
Q

have hollow cylindrical vesicles to help with buoyancy in some aquatic prokaryotes

A

gas vacuoles

83
Q

found in aquatic bacteria containing iron, orienting cells in magnetic fields

A

magnetosomes

84
Q

complexes of protein and RNA that function in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

85
Q

What are the ribosomal subunits that make up 50S?

A

protein, 5S, and 23S

86
Q

What are the ribosomal subunits that make up 30S?

A

protein and 16S

87
Q

~ 60% DNA, 30% RNA, and 10% protein located in 1 circular chromosome that is not membrane-bound
-some may have more than 1 chromosome and it may be linear

A

nucleoid

88
Q

small, closed circular DNA molecules that have selective advantages and are extrachromosomal
-laterally transferred and used for molecular biological applications

A

plasmids

89
Q

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages attached to cell’s surface with up to 1,000 per cell

A

fimbria

90
Q

What does it mean when a fimbria is polar?

A

located at 1 end

91
Q

What does it mean when a fimbria is monotrichous?

A

1 flagellum

92
Q

What does it mean when a fimbria is amphitrichous?

A

1 flagellum at each end

93
Q

What does it mean when a fimbria is lophotrichous?

A

cluster of flagellum at 1 or both ends

94
Q

What does it mean when a fimbria is peritrichous?

A

flagellum are spread over the entire cell surface

95
Q

hollow rigid cylinder found in the flagellum

A

filament

96
Q

links filament to basal body in the flagellum

A

hook

97
Q

series of rings driving flagellar motor

A

basal body

98
Q

What does it mean when the flagellum is moving in a counterclockwise motion?

A

forward motion/run

99
Q

What does it mean when the flagellum is moving in a clockwise motion?

A

disrupts run/tumble

100
Q

flexing/spinning movement driven by periplasmic axial fibrils

A

spirochete motility

101
Q

type IV pili that’s jery and irregular motions

A

twitching motility

102
Q

coasting along solid surfaces with no known visible motility structure

A

gliding motility

103
Q

What is different about the archaeal flagella?

A

it has 1+ flagellin subunit type with no hollow filament and rotational movements

104
Q

similar to fimbrae but is required for mating, is longer, thicker, and less numerous with only 1-10 per cell

A

sex pili

105
Q

movement towards or away from a chemical that’s detected by cell surface chemoreceptors

A

chemotaxis

106
Q

What happens when there is an absence of chemochemoattractant?

A

there are random movements

107
Q

What happens when there is a chemoattractant?

A

there are directional movements

108
Q

dormant and resist numerous environmental conditions-heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation
-have a thick spore coat that is impermeable peptidoglycan cortex and core wall surrounding the nucleoid and ribosomes

A

endospores

109
Q

Why is believed that endospores are resistant to many environmental conditions?

A

it has a dehydrated core, spore coat, and DNA repair enzymes

110
Q

formation of spores when there is a lack of nutrients

A

sporulation

111
Q

What are the general 3 steps of sporulation?

A

1.) activation prepares spores for germination
2.) germination causes rupture and absorption of spore coat caused by spore swelling
3.) outgrowth causes emergence of vegetative cell

Final Exam Study Sets (6 decks)

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