BHC Flashcards
before childbirth
Antepartum
during labor/delivery
Intrapartum
following after childbirth or birth of young
Postpartum
the 6 weeks after childbirth, sometimes termed the fourth trimester of pregnancy
puerperium
6 weeks before conception to 6 weeks after birth
perinatal period
assessment data must include a family and individual Philosophy of Maternal and Child Health Nursing
MCHN is family- centered
the health of families depends on and influences the health of communities
MCHN is community- centered
because research is the means whereby critical knowledge increases
MCHN is research oriented
based practice provide a foundation for nursing care
Both nursing theory and evidence
educating clients to be aware of good health through teaching and role modeling
health promotion
intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present
health maintenance
promptly diagnosing and treating illness using interventions that will return client to wellness most rapidly
health restoration
preventing further complications from an illness; bringing ill client back to optimal state of wellness or helping client to accept inevitable death
health rehabilitation
frequency of live births in a given population, conventionally calculated as the annual number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants (10-20 per 1,000 is considered low, 40-50 per 1,000 is high)
Birth Rate
reflects the proportion of women who could have babies over her lifetime
fertility rate
death in utero of a child (fetus) at anytime during pregnancy. Reflects overall quality of maternal health and prenatal care
Fetal Death Rate
death in the first 28 days of life. Reflects not only the quality of care available to women during pregnancy and childbirth but also the quality care available to infants during the first month of life
Leading cause of infant mortality: prematurity, low birth weight, congenital anomalies
Neonatal Death Rate
refers to death around the time of delivery and includes bothfetal deaths(at least 20 weeks of gestation) and early infant (neonatal)deaths. The sum total of fetal and neonatal rates
Perinatal Death Rate
the number of maternal deaths that occur as direct result of reproductive process per 1,000 live births
Maternal Mortality Rate
index of general health, measures the quality of pregnancy care, nutrition and sanitation as well as infant health
Infant Mortality Rate
capable of acting as consultants in their area od expertise, serves as role model, researchers and teacher of quality nursing care
Cinical nurse Specialist
supervises a group of patients from the time they enter the facility until they are discharged
Case manager
educates women, shares methods of preventing illness (ex: STD/HIV), offers information and counseling of productive life planning
Women’s health Practitioner
provides health care to families, takes health and pregnancy history, performs physical and obstetrics examinations, orders appropriate diagnostic and laboratory test and plans continued care
Family Nurse Practitioner
skilled to care for newborns both well and ill
Neonatal nurse practitioner
prepare with extensive skills in physical assessment, interviewing and well-child counseling and care determines child common illness
Pediatric nurse practitioner
play important roles in assisting women with pregnancy and child bearing
Nurse- midwife
(US census) a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption or living together
(allender & Spradley) two or more people who live in the same household, shares common emotional bond and perform certain care providers
Family
the family one is born into, or oneself, mother, father and sibling if any
Family of Orientation
a family one established oneself, spouse or significant other and children
Family of Procreation
consist of 2 people living together, usually woman and man without children
Dyad
composed of husband, wife and children. (Advantage: focus on needs)
Nuclear family
composed of heterosexual couples who live together like a nuclear family but remain unmarried
Cohabitation Family
includes not only the nuclear family but also other family members such as grandmother, grand father, aunts, uncles, cousins, grandchildren (advantage: more resources)
Extended (Multigenerational) Family
are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is widowed or divorced and not remarried, or by a parent who has never married.
Single-parent family
remarriage or reconstituted family, a divorced or widowed person with children marries someone who also has children (advantage: increase in security and resources)
Blended family
comprise of groups of people who have chosen to live together as extended family, relationship is motivated by social or religious values
Communal Family
homosexual unions, individuals of the same sex live together as partners for companionship, financial security and sexual fulfillment
Gay or Lesbian Family
children whose parent can no longer care for them may be placed in a foster or substitute home by a child protecting agency
Foster Family
a healthy family provides food, shelter, and health care for its members
Physical Maintenance
involved preparing children to live in the community and to interact with people outside the family
Socialization of family member
determining which family needs will be met and their order of priority
Allocation of resources
includes opening an effective means of communication among family members, establishing family values, and enforcing common regulations
Maintenance of order
invasion of the body tissue by organisms and their proliferation there
Infection
the absence of disease-producing microorganisms and being free from infection
Asepsis
practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens, also called “Clean Technique”
Medical Asepsis
practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganism, also called “Sterile Technique”
Surgical Asepsis
extends from the entry of microorganisms into the body to the onset of signs and symptoms
Incubation Period
extends from the onset of non-specific signs and symptoms to the appearance of specific signs and symptoms
Prodromal Period
specific signs and symptoms develop and become evident
Illness period
signs and symptoms start to abate until the client returns to normal state of health
Convalescent period
Refers to microorganism
- The ability of the infectious agent to cause disease depends on the virulence, invasiveness and specificity
Ex: bacteria, fungi, virus, parasites
Etiologic Agent/ Infectious Agent
Source of pathogen
Humans (client, visitors, healthcare personnel)
Animals (insects, rats), Plants
Reservoir
- a way for the pathogen to escape from the reservoir
respiratory tract: droplets, serum
gastrointestinal tract: vomitus, feces, saliva, drainage tubes - urinary tract: urine, urethral catheters
- reproductive tract: semen, vaginal discharge
- blood: open wound, needle puncture site
Portal of Exit
way for the pathogen to travel or transfer like direct contact, airborne, droplet
mode of transmission
This permits the organism to gain entrance into the host
Pathogens can enter susceptible host through body orifices such as mouth, nose, ears, eyes, vagina, rectum and urethra
Breaks in the skin or mucous membranes from wounds and abrasion increase chance for organisms to enter hosts.
Portal of Entry
a person who is at risk for infection, whose own body defense mechanisms, when exposed are unable to withstand invasion of pathogens
ex: malnourished children, cancer patients
Susceptible Host
involves immediate and direct transfer from person to person
Direct contact
occurs when susceptible host is exposed to a contaminated object such as dressing, needle, surgical instrument
Indirect contact
occurs when mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person who is coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking
usually at a distance of 3 meters
Droplet Transmission
involves the transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles or contaminated items that transmit pathogens
ex: food, water, milk, blood, eating utensils, pillows, mattress
Vehicle Transmission
occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air for a long time or when dust particles contain pathogen
air currents disperses microorganisms which can be inhaled or deposited on the skin of susceptible host
Airborne Transmission
Biologic Vectors – animals like rats, snails, mosquitos
Mechanical vectors – are inanimate objects that are infected with infected body fluids like contaminated needles and syringes
Vectorborne transmission
Antibodies are produced by the body in response to infection.
Active Immunization:
antibodies are formed in the presence of active infection in the body, it is lifelong
Natural
antigens (vaccines or toxoids) are administered to stimulate the antibody production requires booster inoculation after many years
ex: tetanus toxoid, OPV
Artificial
antibodies are produced by another source such as animal or human
Passive Immunization
antibodies are transferred from the mother to her newborn through placenta or in the colostrums
Natural
immune serum (antibody) from an animal or human is injected to a person
ex: tetanus immunoglobulin human (TGH)
Artificial
The single most important infection control practice
Handwashing
the physical removal of visible dirt and debris by washing, dusting or mopping surfaces that are contaminated. Soap is used for mechanical cleaning
Cleaning
the chemical or physical processes used to reduce number of potential pathogens on an object’s surface
Disinfection
complete destruction of all microorganisms and spores, leaving no viable forms of organisms
Sterilization
- sterilization using supersaturated steam under pressure
this method is non-toxic, inexpensive, sporicidal, and able to penetrate fabric rapidly - used to sterilize surgical dressings, surgical linens, parenteral nutrition, metal or glass objects
- color indicator strips change color, indicating that sterilization has occurred
- check packaging for integrity and always check the expiration date to ensure sterility of the object
(Steam sterilization) Autoclaving
– a colorless gas that can penetrate plastic, rubber, cotton and other substances.
- use to sterilize oxygen or suction gauges, BP apparatus, stethoscopes and catheters
- expensive and requires 2-5 hrs to be accomplished
(Gas Sterilization) Ethylene oxide
- ionizing radiation penetrate deeply into objects
- used in sterilizing drugs, foods and other heat-sensitive items
Radiation
- effective disinfectants
- they attack all types of microorganisms, act rapidly, work with water
-inexpensive - used for instruments and equipment such as glass thermometer, chlorine is used for water
Chemicals
- this is least expensive for home use
- baby bottles boiled for 15 mins
Boiling Water
on going practices that are observed in the care of the client, his supplies, his immediate environment, to limit/control the spread of microorganisms
Concurrent Disinfection –
practices to remove pathogens from the client’s belongings and his immediate environment after his illness is no longer communicable
Terminal Disinfection
4 moments of Handwashing
Before handling foods
Before and after using the toilet
Before and after performing nursing procedure
Before and after each patient contact
Keep soiled items/equipment from touching the clothing
Instruct client to cover mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing
Avoid raising dust, do not shake linens
Clean the contaminated areas first then move to move contaminated
Keep soiled items/equipment from touching the clothing
Instruct client to cover mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing
Avoid raising dust, do not shake linens
Clean the contaminated areas first then move to move contaminated
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) or Barrier
Mask
Gown
Caps & Shoe Cover
Gloves
Use of Private Room
Equipment and Refuse Handling
Categories of Institutional Waste
Infectious Waste
Injurious waste
Hazardous waste
synthesize the major features of universal precaution s and body substance isolation
Wear clean gloves
Do handwashing
Never Recap needles (use one Scoop method)
Use of private rooms
Standard Precaution
Transmission Based Precaution
Airborne Precaution
Droplet precaution
Contact precaution
implemented to prevent infection for people whose resistance to infection/body defense are lowered or compromised
ex: clients with low WBCcount (leukopenia), immunosuppressed, under chemotherapy, extensive burns
client should be in a private room
meticulous handwashing, restriction of visitors
persons with signs and symptoms of infection are not allowed to visit (Ex: cough, colds, diarrhea, skin infection)
no fresh fruits or vegetables, raw foods fresh flowers, potted plants
only cooked or canned fruits is allowed
Protective or Reverse Isolation
What are the Patients Bill of rights
- Right to Appropriate Medical Care
- Right to Informed Consent
- Right to privacy and confidentiality
- Right to be Informed
- Right to Choose Healthcare Provider and Facility
- Right to Self-Determination
- Right to Religious Belief
- Right to Leave
- Right to Refuse Medical Participation in Research
- Right to Correspondence and to receive visitors
- Right to Express Grievances
- Right to be informed of his rights and obligations as a Patient.
*Right to Medical Records
HAMA meaning
Home Against Medical Advice
MGH meaning
May Go Home
Every person has a right to health and medical care corresponding to his state of health, without any discrimination and within the limits of the resources, manpower and competence available for health and medical care at the relevant time
Right to Appropriate Medical Care
Has the right to a clear, truthful, and substantial explanation, in a manner and langguage understandable to the patient, of all procedures, whether fiagnostic, preventive, curative rehabilitative or therapeutic
Right to Informed Consent
who should you inform;
*If married, the spouse
*Son or daughter of legal age
*either parent
*brother or sister
The patient must have the right to be free from unwarranted public exposure, except in the following cases:
a) when his mental or physical condition is in controversy and the appropriate court, in its discretion, orders him to submit to a physical or mental examination by a physician;
b) when public health and safety so demand
c) when the patient waives this right in writing.
-The privacy must be assured at all stages of his treatment
ex: need curtains for privacy
Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
The patient has a right to be ________ of the result of the evaluation of the nature and extent of his/her disease any other additional or further contemplated medical treatment on surgical procedure or procedures, including any other additional medicines to be administered and their generic counterpart
Right to be Informed
The patient is free to choose the health care provider to serve him as well as the facility except when he is under the care of a service facility or when public health and safety so demands or when the patient expressly waives this right in writing.
Right to Choose Healthcare Provider and Facility
- has the right to discuss his condition with a consultant specialist, at the patient’s request and expense. He also has the right to seek for a second opinion and subsequent opinions, if appropriate, from another health care provider/practitioner.
- the right to avail himself/herself of any recommended diagnostic and treatment procedures.
Right to Self-Determination
The patient has the right to refuse medical treatment or procedures which may be contrary
Right to Religious Belief
The patient right to ________ hospital or any other health care institution regardless of his physical condition: Provided. That a) he/she is informed of the medical consequences of his/her decision
b) he/she releases those involved in his/her care from any obligation relative to the consequences of his decision;
c) his/her decision will not prejudice public health and safety.
Right to Leave
The patient has the right to be advised if the health care provider plans to involve him in medical research, including but not limited to human experimentation which may be performed only with the written informed consent of the patient:
Right to refuse medical participation in research
The patient has the right to communicate with relatives and other persons and to receive visitors subject to reasonable limits prescribed by the rules and regulations of the health care institution.
Right to Correspondence and to receive visitors
The patient has the right to express complaints and grievances about the care and services received without fear of discrimination or reprisal and to know about the disposition of such complaints.
Right to Express Grievances
The patient has rights and obligations
Right to be informed of his/her rights and obligations as a Patient.
He has the right to view the contents of his medical records, except psychiatric notes and other incriminatory information obtained about third parties, with the attending physician explaining contents thereof.
Right to Medical Records
